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Definition
| Subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes |
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| Emotions, such as embarrassment, empathy, and envy, that depend on self-awareness. |
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Definition
| Realization that one’s existence and functioning are separate from those of other people and things. |
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| Emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt, that depend on both self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior. |
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Definition
| Ability to “put oneself in another person’s place” and feel what the other person feels. |
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Definition
| Ability to understand that other people have mental states and to gauge their feelings and intentions |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget’s term for inability to consider another person’s point of view; a characteristic of young children’s thought |
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Definition
| Characteristic disposition, or style of approaching and reacting to situations |
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Definition
| Children with a generally happy temperament, regular biological rhythms, and a readiness to accept new experiences. |
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Definition
| Children with irritable temperament, irregular biological rhythms, and intense emotional responses. |
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| “slow-to-warm-up” children |
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Definition
| Children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences |
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Definition
| Appropriateness of environmental demands and constraints to a child’s temperament. |
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Definition
| Significance of being male or female |
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Definition
| Socialization process by which children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles |
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Term
| Basic trust versus basic mistrust |
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Definition
| Erikson’s first crisis in psychosocial development, in which infants develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects |
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Term
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Definition
| Reciprocal, enduring tie between two people, especially between infant and caregiver, each of whom contribute to the quality of the relationship. |
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Definition
| Laboratory technique used to study infant attachment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pattern in which an infant cries or protests when the primary caregiver leaves and actively seeks out the caregiver upon his or her return |
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Term
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Definition
| Pattern in which an infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact upon his or her return |
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Term
| Ambivalent (resistant) attachment |
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Definition
| Pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during his or her absence, and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return.` |
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Term
| Disorganized-disoriented attachment |
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Definition
| Pattern in which an infant, after separation from the primary caregiver, shows contradictory behaviors upon his or her return. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wariness of strange people and places, shown by some infants during the second half of the first year |
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Term
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Definition
| Distress shown by someone, typically an infant, when a familiar caregiver leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately |
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Term
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Definition
| Research procedure used to measure mutual regulation in infants 2 to 9 months old |
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Term
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Definition
| Understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking out another person’s perception of it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits |
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Term
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Definition
| Sense of one’s own capability to master challengers and achieve goals |
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Term
| Autonomy versus shame and doubt |
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Definition
| Erikson’s second stage in psychosocial development, in which children achieve a balance between self-determination and control by others |
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Term
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Definition
| Development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of a society. |
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Term
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Definition
| During socialization, process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person’s independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal standards of behavior, which usually control one’s conduct and produce emotional discomfort when violated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Kochanska’s term for wholehearted obedience of a parents orders without reminders or lapses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Kochanska’s term for obedience of a parent’s orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control |
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Term
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Definition
| Action taken deliberately to endanger another person, involving potential bodily injury |
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Definition
| Failure to meet a dependent’s basic needs |
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Term
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Definition
| Physically or psychologically harmful sexual activity, or any sexual activity involving a child and an older person |
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Term
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Definition
| Action or inaction that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeated urination in clothing or in bed |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical skills that involve the large muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasingly complex combinations of skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Preference for using a particular hand |
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Term
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Definition
| In Piaget’s theory, the second major stage of cognitive development, in which children become more sophisticated in their use of symbolic thought but are not yet able to use logic |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget’s term for ability to use mental representations (words, numbers, or images) to which a child has attached meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| Play involving imaginary people and situations; also called fantasy play, dramatic play, or imaginative play. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget’s term for a preoperational child’s tendency to mentally link particular phenomena, whether or not there is a logically causal relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive |
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Term
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Definition
| In Piaget’s theory, tendency of preoperational children to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Piaget’s terminology, to think simultaneously about several aspects of a situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget’s term for inability to consider another person’s point of view; a characteristic of young children’s though. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget’s term for awareness that two objects that are equal according to a certain measure remain equal in the face of perceptual alteration so long as nothing has been added to or taken away from either object. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget’s term for inability to transfer learning about one type of conservation to other types, which causes a child to master different types of conservation tasks at different ages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget’s term for a preoperational child’s failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions |
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Term
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Definition
| Awareness and understanding of mental processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which information is prepared for long-term storage and later retrieval |
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Term
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Definition
| Retention of information in memory for future use |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which information is accessed or recalled from memory storage |
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Term
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Definition
| Initial, brief, temporary storage of sensory information |
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Term
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Definition
| Short-term storage of information being actively processed. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Baddeley’s model, element of working memory that controls the processing of information |
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Term
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Definition
| Storage of virtually unlimited capacity that holds information for very long periods |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to reproduce material from memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory that produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| General remembered outline of a familiar, repeated event, used to guide behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory of specific events in one’s own life |
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Term
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Definition
| Model based on Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, which proposes that children construct autobiographical memories through conversation with adults about shared events. |
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Term
| Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales |
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Definition
| o Individual intelligence tests for ages 2 and up used to measure fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory. |
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Term
| Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Revised (WPPSI-III) |
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Definition
| Individual intelligence tests for children ages 2 ½ to 7 that yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score. |
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Term
| Zone of proximal development (ZPD) |
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Definition
| Vygotsky’s term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help |
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Term
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Definition
| Temporary support to help a child master a task |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation |
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Term
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Definition
| The practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes |
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Term
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Definition
| Speech intended to be understood by a listener |
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Term
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Definition
| Talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate |
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Term
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Definition
| Preschoolers’ development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing. |
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