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Definition
| Union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote; also called conception. |
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Term
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Definition
| One-celled organism resulting from fertilization |
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Term
| What causes multiple births? |
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Definition
Multiple births can occur either by the fertilization of two ova (or one ovum that has split) or by the splitting of one fertilized ovum. Larger multiple births result from either one of these processes or a combination of the two.
o Dizygotic (fraternal) twins have different genetic makeups and may be of different sexes; monozygotic (identical) twins have the same genetic makeup. Because of differences in prenatal and postnatal experience, “identical” twins may differ in temperament and other respects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Twins conceived by the union of two different ova (or a single ovum that has split) with two different sperm cells; also called fraternal twins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Twins resulting from the division of a single zygote after fertilization; also called identical twins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristic disposition, or style of approaching and reacting to situations. |
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Term
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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Definition
| Chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of all cellular forms of life |
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Definition
| Sequence of bases within the DNA molecule; governs the formation of proteins that determine the structure and functions of living cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Coils of DNA that consist of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Small segments of DNA located in the definite positions on articular chromosomes; functional units of heredity |
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Term
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Definition
| In humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes not related to sexual differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Pair of chromosomes that determine sex: XX in the normal human female, XY in the normal human male. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more alternative forms of a gene that can occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| Possessing two identical alleles for a trait |
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Definition
| Possessing different alleles for a trait |
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Definition
| Pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed. |
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Definition
| Pattern of in heritance in which a child receives identical recessive alleles, resulting in expression of a nondominant trait. |
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Definition
| Pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait |
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Term
| Multifactoral transmission |
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Definition
| Combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits |
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Term
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Definition
| Observable characteristics of a person |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| Pattern of inheritance in which a child receives two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait |
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Definition
| Pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| Permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics |
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Definition
| According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, process by which characteristics that promote survival of a species are reproduced in successive generations, and characteristics that do not promote survival die out. |
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Definition
| Chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-severe mental retardation and by such physical signs as a downward sloping skinfold at the inner corners of the eyes. |
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Definition
| Clinical service that advises couples of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects |
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Term
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Definition
| Quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior. |
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Definition
| Statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population |
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Term
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Definition
| Term describing tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| potential variability, depending on environmental conditions, in the expression of a hereditary trait |
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Term
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Definition
| limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics |
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Term
| genotype-environment interaction |
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Definition
| the portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions |
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Term
| genotype-environment correlation (covariance) |
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Definition
| Tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other; may be passive, reactive (evocative), or active |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of a person, especially after early childhood, to seek out environments compatible with his or her genotype |
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Term
| nonshared environmental effects |
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Definition
| the unique environment in which each child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another |
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Term
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Definition
| Extreme overweight in relation to age, sex, height, and body type |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; symptoms include hallucinations and delusions |
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Term
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Definition
| Pervasive developmental disorder of the brain, characterized b y lack of normal social interaction, impaired communication and imagination, and a highly restricted range of activities and interests. |
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Term
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Definition
| Principle that development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction; that is, that the upper parts of the body develop before the lower parts of the trunk. |
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Term
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Definition
| Principle that development proceeds from within to without; that is, that the parts of the body near the center develop before the extremities. |
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Term
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Definition
| First 2 weeks of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation, and implantation in the wall of the uterus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Second stage of gestation (2 to 8 weeks), characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb, also called miscarriage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Final stage of gestation (from 8 weeks to birth), characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prenatal medical procedure using high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of a fetus and its movements, so as to determine whether a pregnancy is progressing normally. |
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Definition
| Capable of causing birth defects |
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Term
| Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
| Combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy. |
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Term
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
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Definition
| Viral disease that undermines effective functioning of the immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Processes of uterine, cervical, and other changes, usually lasting about two week preceding childbirth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Delivery of a bay by surgical removal from the uterus |
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Term
| Electronic fetal monitoring |
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Definition
| Mechanical monitoring of a fetal heartbeat during labor and delivery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the mother’s fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Method of childbirth that uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| First 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition in many newborn babies, caused by immaturity of liver and evidenced by yellowish appearance; can cause brain damage if not treated promptly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Standard measurement of a newborn’s condition; it assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration. |
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Term
| Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) |
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Definition
| Neurological and behavioral test to measure neonate’s responses to the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| An infant’s physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Injury to newborn sustained at the time of birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to a fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the mother’s last menstrual period. |
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Term
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Definition
| Weight of less than 5.5 lbs (2500 grams) at birth because of prematurity or being small for date. |
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Term
| Preterm (premature) infants |
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Definition
| Infants born before completing the thirty-seventh week of gestation. |
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Term
| Small-for-date (small-for-gestational-age) infants |
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Definition
| Infants whose birth weight is less than that of 90 percent of babies of the same gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Influences that reduce the impact of potentially negative influences and tend to predict positive outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Proportion of babies born alive who die within the first year. |
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Term
| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) |
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Definition
| Sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Periods of rapid brain growth and development |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency of each of the brain’s hemispheres to have specialized functions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which cells acquire specialize structure and function |
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Term
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Definition
| In brain development, the normal elimination of excess brain cells to achieve more efficient functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of coating neural pathways with a fatty substance (myelin) that enables faster communication between cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Automatic involuntary, innate responses to stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Modifiability, or “molding” of the brain through experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasingly complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment |
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Term
| Denver Developmental Screening Test |
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Definition
| Screening test given to children 1 month to 6 years old to determine whether they are developing normally |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical skills that involve the large muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of the eyes to guide the movement of the hands (or other parts of the body) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to perceive objects and surfaces three-dimensionally. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to acquire information about the properties of objects, such as size, weight, and texture, by handling them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Apparatus designed to give an illusion of depth and used to assess depth perception in infants |
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Term
| Ecological theory of perception |
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Definition
| Theory developed by Eleanor and James Gibson, which describes developing motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts of a functional system that guides behavior in varying contexts. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the Gibsons’s ecological theory of perception, the fit between a person’s physical attributes and capabilities and characteristics of the environment. |
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