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| Coherent set of logically related concepts that seek to organize, explain, and predict data. |
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| Possible explanations for phenomena, used to predict the outcome of research. |
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| Model that views human development as a series of passive, predictable responses to stimuli. |
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| Model that views human development as internally initiated by an active organism and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages |
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| Psychoanalytic perspective |
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| View of human development as being shaped by unconscious forces |
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| In Freudian theory, an unvarying sequence of stages of personality development during infancy, childhood, and adolescence, in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals. |
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| Psycho-social development |
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| In Erikson’s eight-stage theory, the socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego, or self. |
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| View of human development that holds that changes in behavior result from experience or adaptation to the environment. |
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| Learning theory that emphasizes the predictable role of environment in causing observable behavior. |
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| Learning based on association of a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a particular response with another stimulus that does elicit the response |
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| Learning based on association of behavior with its consequences |
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| In operant conditioning, a process that strengthens and encourages repetition of a desired behavior. |
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| In operant conditioning, a process that weakens and discourages repetition of a behavior |
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| Theory that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models. Also called social cognitive theory |
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| Learning through watching the behavior of others |
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| Sense of one’s own capability to master challenges and achieve goals |
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| View that thought processes are central to cognitive development |
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| Piaget’s theory that children’s cognitive development advances in a series of four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations |
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| Piaget’s term for the creation of systems of knowledge |
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| Piaget’s term for organized patterns of behavior used in particular situations |
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| Piaget’s term for adjustment to new information about the environment |
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| Piaget’s term for incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure |
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| Piaget’s term for changes in a cognitive structure to include new information |
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| Piaget’s term for the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements |
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| Vygotsky’s theory of how contextual factors affect children’s development |
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| Information-processing approach |
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| Approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information. |
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| Evolutionary/sociobiological perspective |
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| View of human development that focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of social behavior |
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| Study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of species of animals that have evolved to increase survival of the species |
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| Application of Darwinism principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to individual behavior |
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| View of human development that sees the individual as inseparable from the social context |
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| Bronfenbrenner’s approach to understanding processes and contexts of human development |
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| Bronfenbrenner’s term for a setting in which a child interacts with others on an everyday, face-to-face basis. |
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| Bronfenbrenner’s term for linkages between two or more Microsystems |
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| Bronfenbrenner’s term for linkages between two or more setting, one of which does not contain the child. |
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| Bronfenbrenner’s term for a society’s overall cultural patterns |
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| Bronfenbrenner’s term for effects of time on other developmental systems |
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| Research that focuses on “hard” data and numerical or statistical measures |
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| Research that focuses on “soft” data, such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs. |
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| System of established principles and processes of scientific inquiry, which includes identifying a problem to be studied, formulating a hypothesis to be tested by research, collecting data, analyzing the data, and disseminating findings |
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| Group of participants chosen to be represent the entire population under study |
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| Research method in which behavior is studied in natural settings without intervention or manipulation |
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| Research method in which all participants are observed under the same controlled conditions |
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| Definition stated solely in terms of the operations or procedures used to produce or measure a phenomenon |
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| Study of links between neural processes and cognitive abilities |
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| Study of a single subject, such as an individual or family |
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| In-depth study of a culture, which uses a combination of methods including participant observation |
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| Research method in which the observer lives with the people or participants in the activity of being observed |
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| Research design intended to discover whether a statistical relationship between variables exists. |
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| Rigorously controlled, replicable procedure in which the researcher manipulates variables to assess the effect of one on the other |
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| In an experiment, the group receiving the treatment under study |
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| In an experiment, a group of people, similar to those in the experimental group, who do not receive the treatment under study |
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| In an experiment, the condition over which the experimenter has direct control |
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| In an experiment, the condition that may or may not change as a result of changes in the independent variable |
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| Study designed to assess age-related differences, in which people of different ages are assessed on one occasion |
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| Study designed to assess changes in a sample over time |
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| Study design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal techniques |
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