Term
| Erikson's Theory: Industry (2) |
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Definition
| Developing a sense of competence at useful skills, school provides many opportunities |
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Term
| Erikson's Theory: Inferiority (2) |
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Definition
| Pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well, family enviornment, teachers, and peers can contribute to negative feelings |
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Term
| Changes in Self-Concept during Middle Childhood (5) |
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Definition
| More balanced-less all-or-none descriptions, social comparisons, ideal and real self, reference social groups, cultural variations |
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Term
| Hierarchical structure of self-esteem in middle childhood (4) |
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Definition
| Academic competence, social competence, physical/athletic competence, physical appearance |
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Term
| Influences on Self-Esteem (3) |
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Definition
| Culture, child-rearing practices, Attributions |
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Term
| Influences on Self-Esteem: Attributions (2) |
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Definition
| Mastery-oriented, Learned Helplessness |
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Term
| Reason for Success: Mastery |
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Definition
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Term
| Reason for Failure: Mastery |
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Definition
| Contrallable factors. Can change by working hard |
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Term
| Reason for Success: Learned Helplessness |
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Definition
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Term
| Reason for Failure:Learned Helplessness |
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Definition
| Can not be changed by working hard |
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Term
| Influences on Achievement-related attributions (4) |
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Definition
| Parents, Teachers, Gender, SES-Ethnicity |
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Term
| Self-conscious emotions in middle childhood |
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Definition
| governed by personal responsibility: pride and guild |
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Term
| Emotional Understanding in middle childhood (4) |
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Definition
| Explain emotion using internal states, understand mixed emotions, rise in empathy, supported by cognitive development and social experience |
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Term
| Emotional self-regulation in middle childhood (2) |
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Definition
| Motivated by self-esteem & peer approval, emotional self-efficacy |
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Term
| Problem-centered coping (3) |
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Definition
| Situation is seen as changeable, difficulty is identified, decision made on what to do |
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Term
| Emotion-centered coping (2) |
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Definition
| used if problem centered coping does not work. INternal, private, and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about outcome. |
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Term
| Development of Distributive justice (3) |
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Definition
Strict Equality (5-6 yrs)
Merit (6-7 yrs)
Equity and Benevolence (around 8 yrs) |
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Term
| Changes in Moral Views (2) |
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Definition
| Flexible moral rules. Clarify link between moral imperative & social convention. |
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Term
| Understanding individual rights (3) |
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Definition
| Challenge adult authority within personal domain. view denials of personal choices as wrong. However, place limits on individual choice |
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Term
| By school age, children associate ___ and _____ wtih white people |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Formed from proximity, similarity
Peer Culture: bhavior, vocabulary, dress code. Can include relational aggression and exclusion |
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Term
| Friendship in Middle Childhood (3) |
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Definition
| Personal qualities, trust become important. More selective in choosing friends. Friendships can last several years |
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Term
| Gender stereotypes in middle childgood |
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Definition
| extend to include personalites and school subjects |
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Term
| Gender Identity (3rd-4th grade) |
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Definition
boys strengthen identification with "masculine" traits
Girls' identification with "feminine" traits declines |
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Term
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Definition
High in self-esteem, achievement motivation.
Closer relationships with parents
Lack of practice in conflict resolution |
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Term
| Immediate consequences of parental divorce (2) |
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Definition
Instavility, conflic, drop in income
Parental stress, disorganization |
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Term
| Long-term consequences of parental divorce (3) |
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Definition
Improved adjustment after 2 years
Boys and children with difficult temperaments more likely to have problems
Faterh's involvement affects adjustment |
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Term
| Mother-Stepfather dynamics (4) |
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Definition
| Most frequent. Boys usually adjust quickly, girls adapt less favorable, older children and adolescents of both sexes display more problems |
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Term
| Father-stepmother dynamic (3) |
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Definition
| Often leads to reduced father-child contact. Children in fathers' custudy often react negatively. Girls & stepmothers slow to get along at first, more posistive interaction later |
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Term
| Benefits of maternal employment and child development (5) |
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Definition
| Higher self-esteem. Positive family and peer relations. Fewer gender stereotypes. Better grads. More father involvement. |
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Term
| Drawbacks of maternal employment and child development (2) |
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Definition
| Less time for children. Ris of ineffective parenting. |
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Term
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Definition
5-7 years. separation from home
11-13 years. particular aspects of school |
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Term
| Factors related to resilience (4) |
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Definition
| Peraonal Characteristics. Warm Parental relationship. Supportive adult outside family. Community resources |
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Term
| Factors related to resilience: Personal charactersitics (2) |
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Definition
| Easy temperament. Master orientation. |
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Term
| In Erickson's theoury, the psychological confilct of middle childhood is resolved positively when experiencs lead children |
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Definition
| to develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks |
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Term
| Begining in middle childhood, children's self descriptions include descriptions of |
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Definition
| both negative and positive characteristics |
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Term
| By 6 to 7 years of age, children have fomred at least these four self-esteems |
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Definition
| Academic competence, social competence, athletic competence, and physical appearance |
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Term
| Nathan's parents have an authoritative child-rearing style. Nathan is likely to |
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Definition
| feel especially good about himself |
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Term
| Mastery-oriented children are more likely to attribute their sucess to ___ their failures ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| when vince recieves a high grade he attributes it to luck, but whe he gets a low test grade he attributes it to not being smart. Based on research, vince has developed |
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Definition
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Term
| Compared to younger children, school-age children are more likely to explain emotion by making reference to ___ than to ___ |
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Definition
| internal states; external events |
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Term
| During middle childhood, children's understanding of emotions changes in that they become aware that |
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Definition
| people can feel more than one emotion at a time |
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Term
| David and tow of his friends are playing when his mother brings them a plate of cookis. David is intent on aking sure that he and his friends get an equal number of cookies to eat, even though his friend max says his mother forgot to make lunch for him that day. According to Damon's theory, David thinks of fairness in terms of |
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Definition
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Term
| When children and adloexents challenge parental authority, they typically do so within the ____ domain |
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Definition
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Term
| which factor tends to encourage boys to be more gender-typed in their beliefs and behaviors than girls are? |
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Definition
| society attaches gender prestige to "masculine" characteristics |
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Term
| The overriding factor in positive adjustment following divorce is |
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Definition
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