Term
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Definition
| founded the Hull House of Chicago to deal with problems of youth living in the city, created the Juvenile Psychopathic institute for the purpose of determining the degree to which juvenile delinquency is influenced by mental disorders |
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Definition
| asserted that Kohlberg’s theory reflects a morality of justice, but that his theory was missing a morality of care |
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Definition
| found the 5 aspects of children’s social interaction that distinguished pairs who are friendly and aren’t |
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Definition
| irst president of American Psychological Association and a major player in the shaping of developmental psychology; supported idea that understanding qualities of adolescence was essential to understand proper education and counseling of adolescents + to understand evolution of species |
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Definition
| American psychiatrist, proposed that the formation of close, one-on-one relationships, chumships, is key to development of social skills and competencies during middle childhood |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental operation in which the child realizes that changes in one aspect of a problem are compared with and compensated for by changes in a another aspect (p 404) |
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Term
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Definition
| (Piaget) coordinated mental actions that allow children to mentally combine, separate, order, and transform concrete objects and events that children experience directly (p 401) |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget’s term for the understanding that some properties of an object or substance remain the same even when its appearance is altered in a superficial way (p 402) |
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Term
Conservation of Number
CH11 |
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Definition
| Recognition of the one-to-one correspondence between sets of objects of equal number (p 402) |
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Conservation of volume
Ch 11 |
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Definition
| The understanding that the amount of liquid remains unchanged when poured from one container into another that has different dimensions (p 402) |
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Term
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Definition
| A memory strategy that involves making connections between two or more things to be remembered |
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Definition
| Higher level cognitive processes, such as aspects of cognition associated with supervising and controlling lower-level cognitive processes (p 413) |
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Term
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Definition
| the steady increase over the past 100 years in IQ performance, an increase believed to support the environmental hypothesis of intelligence (p 423) |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental operation in which the child realizes that a change limited to outward appearance does not change the substances involved (p 404) |
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Term
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Definition
| he ability to think about ones own thought processes |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to think about one's memory processes |
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Term
Organizational strategies
ch11 |
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Definition
| Memory strategies in which materials to be remembered are mentally grouped into meaningful categories (p 411) |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental operation in which the child realizes that one operation can be negated or reversed by the effects of another (p 404) |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of education in which a young person learns a craft or skill by spending an extended period of time working for an adult master (431) |
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Term
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Definition
| Knowledge, skills and attitudes that provide the building blocks for learning to read and write(433) |
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Term
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Definition
| Knowledge, skills and attitudes that provide the building blocks for learning how to do math(433) |
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Term
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Definition
| The most structured type of explicit education, through which adults instruct the young in specialized knowledge and skills of their culture (431) |
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Term
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Definition
A method of teaching reading in which teachers and children take +
turns reading text in a manner that integrates decoding and comprehension skills (440) |
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Term
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Definition
| The thoughts, behaviors, and emotions that children have about school and learning (448) |
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Term
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Definition
| indicators: emergent literacy, emergent numeracy, decoding text, role of family, preschools (4330 |
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Term
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Definition
| The second and final stage of Piaget’s theory of moral development in which right and wrong are defined according to internal motives and intentions rather than objective consequences (473) |
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Term
Bullying (define, give sample percentage of bullying)
ch13 |
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Definition
unprovoked aggression intended to harm, intimidate, and/or dominate individuals who are unable to properly defend themselves because they are physically less strong or psychologically less resilient; boys are more likely to be threatened with harm and physical aggression, girls are more likely than boys to report relational forms of aggression such as being made fun of or being the subject of rumors.
-7% females, 8% males
-14% in six gr. (peak)
-6% rural, ~5% for urban, ~5% for suburban |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of indirect social control in which parents and children cooperate to reinforce the children’s understanding of right and wrong, what is safe and unsafe, when they are not under direct adult control (496) |
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Term
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Definition
| In reference to social hierarchies, those children who control “resource” such as toys, play spaces and decisions about group activities (481) |
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Term
Industry versus inferiority
ch13 |
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Definition
| According to Erikson’s theory, the stage during which children judge themselves to be industrious and successfully meeting the new challenges posed by adults at home and school, or inferior and incapable of meeting such challenges (489) |
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Term
foundations of self-esteem
ch 13 |
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Definition
1. parents’ acceptance of their children
2. parents’ setting of clearly defined limits
3. parents’ respect for individuality |
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Term
Functions of friendship
Ch13 |
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Definition
contexts in which to develop many basic social skills, including communication, cooperation, and the ability to resolve conflicts
information about themselves, others, and the world
companionship and fun that relieve the stress of everyday life
models of intimate relationships characterized by helping, caring and trust |
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Term
Gottman's dimensions of friendship making
ch13 |
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Definition
Common ground activity
Clear communication
Exchange of information
Resolution of conflicts
Reciprocity |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the specific action strategies that children use in developing their relationships (495). |
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Term
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Definition
| The child’s ability to make a personal commitment to a relationship and be emotionally invested and motivated to maintain it (495). |
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Term
Moral development: Kohlberg's level II
ch13 |
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Definition
children's focus shifts from external consequences to society's standards and rules
-stage 3: good child morality
-stage 4:law and order morality |
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Term
Objective view of responsibility
ch13 |
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Definition
| An understanding that responsibility depends on objective consequences alone(480) |
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Term
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Definition
| receive highest numbers of positive nominations or highest ranking from peers (484) |
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Term
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Definition
| receive low rankings from their peers (484) |
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Term
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Definition
| those who receive new nominations (ignored by peers) (484) |
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Term
Controversial Children
ch13 |
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Definition
| receive both positive and negative nominations |
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Term
Prosocial moral listening
ch13 |
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Definition
| The thinking that is involved in deciding whether to share with, help, or take care of other people when doing so may prove costly to oneself (477) |
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Term
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Definition
| one's evaluation of one's own worth (468) |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of defining oneself in relation to one’s peers(467) |
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Term
Social Repair Mechanisms
ch13 |
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Definition
| Strategies that allow friends to remain friends even when serious differences temporarily drive them apart (496) |
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Term
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Definition
| Complex organizations of relationships between individuals (481) |
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Term
Subjective view of responsibility
ch13 |
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Definition
| An understanding that responsibility depends on both intentions and consequences(480) |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the occurrence of a pubertal events (or set of events) before the 3rd percentile of the normal range. (522) |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the occurrence of a pubertal events after the 97th percentile of the normal range. (522) |
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Term
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Definition
| The name of what some developmentalists propose is a new stage of development facing many individuals between the ages of 18 and 25 in technologically advanced societies. (509) |
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Term
Epistemic development
ch14 |
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Definition
| refers to changes in how individuals reason about the nature of knowledge. (534) |
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Term
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Definition
In Piaget’s terms, a kind of mental operation in which all possible combinations are considered in solving a problem. consequently, each partial link is grouped in relation to the whole; in other words, reasoning moves continually as a function of a structured whole. (530)
definition: Ability to think systematically about all logical relations within a problem, joined with keen interest in abstract ideas and in the process of thinking itself
examples of reasoning:
1. Think about politics and law in terms of abstract principles and are capable of seeing the
beneficial, rather than just the punitive, side of laws
2. Interested in universal ethical principles and
critical of adults’ hypocrisies
3. Piaget’s “combination-of-variables” problems indicate the presence of systematic problem solving and understanding of the “structured whole”… |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: A circuit that extends from the brain to the sex organs (testes or ovaries) and back again; activated in adolescence, the HPG regulates the hormones that affect the body’s growth and functions. (520) |
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Term
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
ch14 |
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Definition
| reasoning that involves the ability to judge an argument entirely on the basis of its logical form, regardless of whether the argument is true. (533) |
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Term
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Definition
| a small protein that is produced by specialized cells in the hypothalamus and plays a key role in the activation of the HPG axis. (521) |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of brain structures, including the amygdala, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and hypothalamus. because these brain structures are associated more with emotion than with reasoning, the limbic system is often described as the “emotion brain” (in contrast to the cerebral cortex, which some have dubbed the “reasoning brain”) (519) |
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Term
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Definition
| the first menstrual period (515) |
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Term
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Definition
| a morality that stresses relationships, compassion, and social obligations. (543) |
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Term
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Definition
| a morality that emphasizes issues of rightness, fairness, and equality. (543) |
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Term
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Definition
| Early onset of puberty. Characterized by early development of sexual characteristics before age 8 in girls, and 9 in boys. |
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Term
Primary Sex Characteristic Puberty
ch14 |
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Definition
| The organs directly involved in reproduction (514) |
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Term
Risk associated with early puberty
ch14 |
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Definition
(p. 523, table 14.3):
Increased adolescent risk-taking behavior
Shorter adult stature
Increased adult BMI, waist circumference, and adiposity
Increased risk of adult-onset diabetes
Increased cardiovascular disease
Increased risk of premenopausal breast cancer
Increased mortality |
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Term
Secondary sex Characteristics
ch14 |
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Definition
| The anatomical and physiological signs that outwardly distinguish males from females. (514) |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to Menarche in females, the experience of a male’s first ejaculatory experience |
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Term
Theories of knowledge
ch14 |
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Definition
| evaluativist, objectivist,subjectivist |
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Term
Evaluativist (theories of knowledge)
ch14 |
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Definition
| view that the truth can shift and change but is nevertheless subject to particular standards of evaluation |
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Term
Objectivist (theories of knowledge)
ch14 |
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Definition
| view of knowledge as involving an accumulation of objective facts and definite answers |
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Term
Subjectivist (theories of knowledge)
ch14 |
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Definition
| view that there is no absolute truth, as truth shifts and changes depending on the perspective |
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Term
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Definition
| an eating disorder that involves intentional self-starving (590) |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to assert one’s own needs in relationship (558) |
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Term
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Definition
| an eating disorder that involves cycles of “binge eating” followed by self-induced vomiting. (590) |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of several young people that remains small enough to enable its members to be in regular interaction with one another and to serve as the primary peer group. (559) |
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Term
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Definition
| a large, reputation-based and mixed-gender social network observed when cliques interact. (560) |
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Term
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Definition
| positive reactions to discussions of rule-breaking (561) |
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Term
Dunphy's five stages of adolescent social relationships
ch15 |
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Definition
Pre-crowd stage. Isolated unisexual cliques.
2. The beginning of the crowd. Unisexual cliques in group-to-group interaction.
3. The crowd in structural transition. Unisexual cliques with upper status members forming a heterosexual clique.
4. The fully developed crowd. Heterosexual cliques in close association.
5. Beginning of crowd disintegration. Loosely associated groups of couples. |
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Term
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Definition
A sense of oneself as a member of a particular ethnic group (578)
Stages:
1. Unexamined Ethnic Identity
2. Ethnic Identity Search
3. Ethnic Identity Achievement |
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Term
| Experience sampling method and two results of ESM research |
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Definition
definition: tool used by developmentalists in which study participants, when signaled by electronic pagers at random intervals, fill out brief reports on their feelings. has been used to study adolescence emotional lives
Results: average happiness decreases during adolescence. over the course of adolescence, emotions become less intense and emotional ups and downs become less frequent |
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Term
Exploration and commitment
ch15 |
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Definition
the process through which adolescents actively examine their possible future roles and paths
individual’s sense of allegiance to the goals, values, beliefs, and occupation they have chosen |
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Term
Externalizing problems/disorders
ch15 |
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Definition
| social and behavioral problems such as aggression and delinquency; more common in boys than in girls. (585) |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which friends are similar to each other. (560) |
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Term
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Definition
| a fear of homosexuality. Homophobia may diminish intimacy among adolescent males. (558) |
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Term
Independent sense of self
ch15 |
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Definition
| the sense of self encouraged by individualistic cultures, characteristized by an orientation to being unique, promoting one’s individual goals, and expressing one’s thoughts and opinions. (584) |
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Term
Interdependent sense of self
ch15 |
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Definition
| the sense of self encouraged by collectivist cultures, characterized by an orientation to fitting into the group, promoting group goals, and developing the ability to understand the thought of others. (584) |
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Term
Internalizing problems/disorders
ch15 |
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Definition
| Disturbances in emotion or mood such as depression, worry, guilt and anxiety; more common in girls than boys. (585) |
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Term
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Definition
| sense of close connection between two individuals, resulting from shared feelings, thoughts, and activities |
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Term
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Definition
| sense of close connection between two individuals, resulting from shared feelings, thoughts, and activities |
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Term
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Definition
| Positive Youth Development - An approach to adolescence that emphasizes the strengths and positive qualities of youths that contribute to their psychological health as well as the welfare of their communities. |
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Term
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Definition
| a self full to the brim with multiple “me’s” that have emerged as a consequence of needing to conform to social roles and relationships that demand different, and sometimes contradictory selves. (574) |
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Term
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Definition
| The desire to participate in highly arousing activities; it is especially common in early and mid-adolescence (554) |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual’s understanding of himself or herself as heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual (581) |
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