Shared Flashcard Set

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Developmental Psych
Exam 3
75
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
12/05/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Emotional Facial Expressions
Definition

-Basic facial expressions are similar across all cultures

-1 month= interest and joy

-infants can interpret others' facial and vocal expressions that carry emotional meaning...around 4 months

-learn the effects of their own emotions on others

Term
Cultural Display rules
Definition

- a social group's informal norms about when, where and how one should express emotions

Example: When the boss’s annoying favorite assistant fell on his face during the office talent show, everyone found it hilarious but few dared to laugh.

-modify emotion to meet appropriate social situation

Qualify, is when a person expresses their emotion, but smiles to explain something about the emotion. For example, if a person is sad and crying, they may smile as a way to express that they are okay and they will not cry or be sad for much longer. Amplify is when someone expresses an emotion more intensely than it is felt. For instance, someone may express more distress and grief at the loss of a relative than they actually feel. (Kalat 2006/7) “De-amplification involves partial suppression of the emotion, suggesting a desire to express one’s feelings, but with less intensity than is felt.” (Diefendorff, 2009) If someone is intensely angry at another person in the workplace for a huge mistake made, it may not be appropriate to express that emotion at the level it is felt. This person would use de-amplification to communicate that they are angry but at a level that is appropriate for that environment. Neutralize is when someone feels an emotion but shows nothing at all, while masking is when someone hides what they are really feeling but shows a different emotion altogether. Masking is often used a lot by employees and customers in business settings.

Term
Focus of emotional regulation
Definition

-The ability to adjust emotions to a desired state and level of intensity ex. "keeping cool"

-with age, increased emotional control--prefrontal cortex and hippocampus

-try to change the way they think about something making it less bothersome

-suppress troubling emotions

Term
Emotion-dismissing parenting
Definition

-treat child's feelings an unimportant

-wants childs negative emotions to disappear wuickly

-focus on how to get over an emotion than the meaning 

-feel negative emotions reflect badly on parent

Effects: Children learn that their feelings are wrong, inappropriate or invalid. The child doesnt understand where their emotiona are not recognized. May have difficultly regulating her own emotions and loss of emotional connection with parrent

Term
Emotion coaching parent
Definition

-best

-nutures the child;s emotionl development

-shares the feelings the child is ecperiencing and sees emotions as a normal part of life

-child learn to trust their emotions and find positive ways to deal with them 

-John Gottman's

Term
John Bowlby's ethological perspective
Definition

-attachment is based primarily on infant;s needs for safty and security--avoid predators

-as they grow, learn that safety is best provided by a particular individulal usually the mother

-inspired by Lorenz and Tinbergen

Term
Mary Ainsworth
Definition

-built on Bowlby's theory

-Built way to measure attachment: Ainswoth Strange Situation

 

Term
The stranger situation
Definition

1. The mother and baby enter an unfarmiliar room; 2. the mother sits down, leaving the baby free to explore; 3. an adult stranger enters the room and converses with them mother than the child; 4. the mother exits the room; 5. the mother returns, greeting and comforting the baby and stranger leaves; 6. the mother leaves; 7. the stranger returns; 8. the mother returns and the stranger leaves.

 

250!

Term
Seperation protest/ anxiety
Definition

the distess when an infant is seperated from his caregiver

around 7/8 months peaks around 14 months then decreases

-increased cognitive ability

Term
Stranger anxiety
Definition

-The caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person

-usually in the second half of the first year

-brought on by brain developent and increased cognitive abilities

Term
Social referencing
Definition

-the intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events

-use social referencing to clarify the meaning of a situation and so to reduce our uncertainty about what is occuring

-around 8/9 months

Term
Emotions of adolescents vs. adults
Definition

-greater volatility of emotions in adolescence than later in life

-emotional respinses may be especially pronounced during adolescence and 

Term
Socioemotional selectivity
Definition

-laura carstensen

-as time horizons shrink with age, people become increasingly selective, investing greater resources in emotionally meaningful goals and activities

-endless time= future-oriented/ knowledge goals

-time ends= present/ emotional goals

Term
Chess and Thomas' temperament categories
Definition

easy babies- have a posiitive disposition. Their body functions operate regularly, and they are adaptable. They show curiosity about new situations, and their emotions are moderate or low in intensity ~40%

Difficult babies- have more negative moods and are slow to adapt to new situations. When confronted with a new situation, they tend to withdraw. ~10%

Slow-to-warm babies- are inactive, showing relatively calm reactions to their environment. Their moods are generally negative, and they withdraw from new situations, adapting slowly~15%

Term
Harry Harlow-contact comfort
Definition

-gave infant monkeys the choice of cuddling a wire monkey that provided food OR a soft, terry cloth monkey that was warm but fif not provide food.

-Baby monkeys spent most of their time clinging to the cloth monkey, although moved to the wire monkey to nurse.

-preference for the warm cloth monkey provided contact comfort

Term
Erik Erikson- trust vs. mistrust
Definition

Birth to 12-18 months

Positive: feelings of trust from enviornment support

Negative: fear and concern regarding others

Term
Ainsworth- attachment
Definition

-Secure attachment pattern: use the mother as a type of home base. CHildren at ease in the Strange situation as long as mothers are present. Explore independently, returning occasionally. Go to mother when she returns to seek contact. 2/3 in N. Amer

-Avoidant: children do not seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns, as if angered by her behavior

-Ambivalent: children display a combination of positive and negative reations to their mothers; they show great distress when the mother leaves, but upon her return they may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her

-disorganized-disoriented: children show inconsistent, often contradictory behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her

Term
Sternberg's triarchic theory of love
Definition

-intimacy component: encompasses feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness

-passion: moticational drives relating to sex, physical closeness and romance--intense, physiologically arousing feelings for attraction

-decision/commitment: both the initial cognition that one loves another person and the longer-term determination to maintain that love

Term
generativity and displacement
Definition

-infinite generativity: the ability to create an infinite number of meaningful sentences using finite set of letters and words

-displacement: the ability to communicate about things in another time and place

-

Term
Over and underextension
Definition

overextension: words are used too broadly, overgeneralizing their meaning. Ex. refers to buses, trucks and tractors as carrs. Although wrong shows advances in child's thought process..developing mental categories and concepts

Underextension: using words too restictively- common in children just mastering spoken language. blanket is one specific blanket not all blankets

Term
mean length utterances
Definition

one word; refering to people or objects that constantly appear and disappear

100 utterances spokenby a child and divding the number of morphemes 

Term
Wernicke's area and Broca
Definition

Wernicke-an area in the brain's left hemisphere involved in language comprehension

Broca-in the left frontal lobe of the brain with functions linked to speech production

Term
Chomsky LAD
Definition

-language-acquisition device: a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language structure and provide strategies for learning the particular characteristic of a language.

Pros-specific gene related to speech production identified

-language processing in infant brain structures similar to those in adult speech processing

con:uniqueness of speech countered by primate researchers; even with genetic priming, language use still requires significant social experience to be used effectively

Term
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Definition

the failure to retriece a word from memory, combinded with partial recall and the feeling that rerieval is imminent

-can often state one or more features

 

Term
crystallized vs. fluid intelligence
Definition

-horn

crystallized: the stroe of information, skills, and strategies that people have acquired through education and prior experiences and through their previous use of fluid intelligence..increase with age

ex. used to solve a puzzle or find the solution to a mystery

fluid: reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory. decline from middle adulthood

ex. a student asked to group a series of letters according to some criterion or to remember a set of numbers

Term
centration
Definition

-the process of concentrating on one limited aspect og a stimulus and ignoring other aspects

-usually focus on superficial elements...these elements come to dominate preschoolers' thinking leading to inaccuracy

-buttons: 4/5 year olds say the row that is longer has more buttons

Term

conservation

 

Definition
the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical apperance of objects
Term
horizontal decalage
Definition
Horizontal decalage is just Piaget's term for the idea that all concrete operational kids WON'T be at the exact same place. Some may be doing better in certain areas than others. It is just the idea that at this point, there is more individuality in progression through the stage.
Term
seriation
Definition

-in concrete operational stage 7-12; the ability to sort objects or situations according to any characteristic, such as size, color, shape or type. 

ex. a child can look at his vegetables and eat everything except for the brocolli 

Term
transitivity 
Definition

-concrete operational stage; the ability to recognize relationships among various things in a serial order. Height

Books put in order--put tallest one first

Term
adolescent egocentrism 
Definition
teens and older tweens belief that others are highly attentice to their behavior and appearance. all eyes on them. 11/12 - 15/16
Term
Imaginary audience and personal fable
Definition

imaginary audience-in egocentric state; individual imagines and believes that multiple people are enthusiastically listening to or watching him or her...david elkind

personal fable-belief that he or she is highly special and unlike anyone else..could believe nothing bad could happen to them

 

Term
zone of proximal development
Definition
-help from teacher
Term
scaffolding
Definition
-the assistance or structure provided by others; support for learning
Term
triarchic theory of intelligence
Definition

-sternberg made up of: componential element, experimental element and contectual element

-componential aspect involves the mental components used to solve problems ex. selecting and using formulas, making use of what has been learned in the past

-experiential compenent refers to the relationship between intelligence, prior experience, and the ability to cope with new situations..insightful aspect which allows people to relate what they already know to a new situation and fatcs never before encountered

-contextual takes into account of the demands of everyday, real-world enviornments..adapting to on the job professional demands

Term
Gardner's frames of mind
Definition

1. musical intelligence

2. Bodily kinesthetic

3. Logical mathematical 

4. linguistic 

5. spatial

6.interpersonal 

7. intrapersonal

8. naturalistic 

Term
Spearman big S and little g
Definition

-g factor is what IQ tests presumably measure; general mental ability

-s is the specific intelligence to a single activity 

Term
heritability of intelligence
Definition
-looks at the importance of genetics and environment for phenotypic variation
Term
Gesell's developmental quotient
Definition

-an overall developmental score that relates to performance in 4 domains: motor skills (balance and sitting); language use, adaptive behavior (alertness and exploration), and personal-social behavior (feeding and dressing)

-for infants age 2-30 months..compares to others of the same age

-motor

-language

-adaptive

-personal-social

Term
Bayley Scale
Definition

-mental 

-motor

-behavioral

Term
Standford-Binet vs. Weschler
Definition

standford-identify children who would have problems with school or learning the material that was designed for children in their own age range. widely used. given orally

-fluid reasoning

-quantitative reasoning

-visual-spatial reasoning

-knowledge

-working memory

weschler- Wechsler adult intelligence---for children too. emphasize performance(5) and verbal skills(6) and give separate scores for sub tests in vocab, arithmetic, memory span, assembly of objects and other abilities

Term
organic and familial/cultural retaration
Definition
involves some physical damage
Term
Gender role stress
Definition

-stress is greater for girls in adolescence due to many conflicting demands of the traditional female role..often feel helpless

-girls higher levels of depression in adolescence may reflect gender differences in coping with stress

-girls may react to stress by turning inward, results in a sense of helplessness...boys externalize the stress and act more impulsively or aggressively or turn to drugs and alcohol

 

degree to which gender identity differs from gender role.

Term
gender constancy
Definition

the belief that people are permanently male or females depending on fixed, unchangeable, biological factors

-concept developed around age 4/5

Term
gender schema
Definition

a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender

-how preschoolers view the worlds...use increasing cognitive ability to tell what is right and appropriate for males and females

Term
heteronomous morality vs. autonomous morality
Definition

heter- the earliest stage in Piaget's theory of moral development in which rules are seen as inveriant and unchangeable 

-age 4-7; play games thinking there is only one way to play and every other way is wrong

-auto: age 10 that rules can be modified if people playing agree 

Term
Development of language
Definition

INFANCY:

-babbling

--crying-from birth

--cooing 1 to 2 months

--babbling around 6 months

--gestures 8 to 12 months

-recoginze sound changes, own language at 6 months

EARLY CHILDHOOD

-complex sentences at 2 to 3 years

-more sensitive to language sounds

-apply syntax rules

-dramatic vocab to age 6

ADOLESCENCE

-dialect

Term
Habituation vs. Dishabituation
Definition
the only measure that correlates to adult intelligence
Term
Kohlberg stage of moral development
Definition

1. preconventional morality: The concrete interests of the individual are considered in terms of rewards and punishments

--Obeidience an punishment orientation: people stick to the rules inorder to avoid punishment, and obedience occurs for its own sake

--Reward orientation: rules are followed only for a person's own benefit. Obedience occurs because of rewards that are recieved.

2. Conventional morality: People approach moral problems as members of society. They are interested in pleasing others by acting as good members of society

--"good boy" morality: individuals show interest in maintaining the respect of others and doing what is expected of them

--authority and social-order-maintaining morality: people at this stage conform to societys rules and consider that "right" is what society defines as right

3. Postconventional morality: people use moral principles, which are seen as broader than those of any particular society

--morality of contract, individual rights and democratically accepted law: people do what is right because of a sense of obligation to laws that are agreed upon within society. Laws can be modified as part of changes in an implicit social contract

--morality of individual principles and conscience: at this final stage, a person follows laws because they are based on unviersal ethical principles. Laws that violate the principles are disobeyed.

Term
justice
Definition

-some believe that both male and females use similar "justice" and "care" orientations in making moral judgment

-kohlberg as their sense of justice grows

-perspective: focuses on how fairly or unfairly out actions distribute benefits and burdens among the members of a group

Term
Gilligan
Definition

-differences in the way boys and girls are raised in our society lead to basic distinctions in how men and women view moral behavior. 

-boys view morality primarily in terms of broad principles such as justice or fairness

-girls see it in terms of responsibility toward individuals and willingness to sacrifice themselves to help specific individuals within the context of particular relationships--compassion is more common in women.

for women:

1. orientation toward individual survival--intial concentration is on what is practical and best for self. Gradual transition from selfisness to responsibility, which includes thinking about what would be best for others. ex. a first grader may insist on playing games of her choosing

2. goodness as self-sacrifice: initial view is that a woman must sacrifice her own wishes to what other people want. Transition from "goodness" to "truth", which takes into account needs of both self and others. ex. she must play the games her friend chooses even if she doesnt want to

3. Morality of nonviolence: a moral equivalence is established between self and others. Hurting anyone-including one's self- is see as immoral. Most sophisticated form of reasoning. ex. both people must have fun so look for something both will enjoy

Term
Rapport talk vs. report talk
Definition

rapport- to establish a relationship or connection with someone else, their style of speech tends to be cooperative, giving lots of positive feedback..women

report-men. its goal is to control the conversation, style of speech is competitive therefore interrupt more often

Term
Androgen
Definition
-when the mother took a drug with androgen( a male hormone)while pregnant girls seemed to play with "boy" toys more and preferred boys as playmates
Term

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Definition
Hormone deficiency, ambiguous genitalia and male pseudohermaphroditism..male may appear normal at birth
Term
Fagan test of infant development
Definition
tests an infant's intelligence based on how much time she spends looking at a new item versus the time she spends looking as a farmiliar one. 
Term
5 rule systems of language
Definition

-phonolog: the basic sound system of a language (phonemes)

-Morphology: The system of meaningful units involved in word formation (morphemes)

-syntax: The system that involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences

-sematics: The system that involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences

-seantics: the system that involves the meaning of words and sentences

-pragmatics: the system of using appropriate conversation and knowledge of how to effectively use language in context

Term
IQ
Definition
Mental age/ chronological age
Term
living will
Definition
a legal document that designates the medical treatments a person does or does not want if the person cannot express his or her wishes
Term

Advanced directive

Definition
a document expressing a person's wishes about critical care when he or she is unable to decide for him or herself. But does not authorize anyone to act on a person's behalf..followed by the hospital staff
Term
durable power of attorney
Definition
a legal document that enables an individual to designate another person, attorney in fact, to act on his/her behalf 
Term
Passive vs. active euthanasia
Definition

-active: medical staff/caregivers acts to end a person's life before death would normally occur..administrating a legal dose

-passive: removing respirators or other medical equipment that may be sustaining a patient's life to allow them to die naturally...Do not ressatate order

Term
palliative care
Definition

-specialized medical care for people with serious illnesses. it focuses on providing patients with relief from the symptoms, pain, and stress of a serious illness...whatever the diagnosis. Goal is to improve quality of life for both the patient and the family

-provided by a team of doctors, nurses and other specialists who work together with the patients other docors to provide an extra layer of support

Term
hospice
Definition

care for the dying provided in institutions devotd to those who are terminally ill. 

provide a warm, suportive enviornment..not focused on extending the life but on making the final days comfortable 

Term
Kubler-Ross stages of dying
Definition

1. denial

2. anger

3. bargaining

4. depression

5. acceptance

--limited to those who are aware they are dying and die in leisurly fashion

--not every person passes through each stage and some in a different order

Term
biological bases of language 
Definition

-uniformity across cultures and languages- babbling

LAD

-grammer

--surface structure

--deep structure

-Pierre Paul Broca

--tan

--Broca's area

-Carl Wernicke

-Critical periods 18 mons- puberty; preschool = most important language develops rapidly and easily

 

Term

language:

left brain vs right brain

Definition

left: language/logic

production-frontal:speaking/ writing

reception-temporal: listening/reading

right:emotion/prosody

front: emotional speech

back: understanding prosody

Term
sociocultural influence
Definition
-middle class moms talk more to their kds
Term
behavioral view
Definition

-language is complex learned skill, reinforced

PROBLEMS:

connot explain people creating noval sentences; children can learn syntax of native language without reinforcment; fails to explain language's extensive orderliness

Term
LASS
Definition

-child-directed speech- parentese

--high frequency

--diminutives

--rate of speech slows

--increased prosody

-echoing

-recasting

-expanding

-labeling

Term
Developmental changes in language
Definition

INFANCY

-babbling and other vocalizations

--crying-from birth

--cooing-1-2 months

--babbling- around 6 months

--gestures-8-12 months

Term
Giftedness
Definition

IQ of 120 or above

-nathan test

--precocity

--matching to their own drummer

--a passion to master

Term
Convergent vs divergent
Definition

conver-gives one correct answer; is characteristic of thinking tested be standardized intelligence tests

-divergent-produces many answers to the same question and is characteristic of creativity

Term
emotions with age
Definition

-regulation shifts from external sources to internal sources

-cognitive strategies for regulation and ability to shift focus increase

-ability to effectively cope with stress increases

-develop great capasity to modulate emotional arousal

-more adept with age at managing relationships

Term
primary emotions..self conscious
Definition

-in first 6 months--suprise, joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust

-in first 18months to 2 year--empathy, jealousy and embarassed

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