Identity Achievement

• Has explored alternatives
• Committed to clearly formulated self-chosen values and goals
• loving and caring relationship with parents
• High self estee,
• Self-directed
• Makes decisions by seeking new information & considering other's opinions
• Good Attitude about college-good grades
• Always re-evaluating
• High motivation 
• Feel more in control
• more advanced moral reasoning

Example

When asked how willing she would be to give up going into her chosen occupation  if something better came along, Lauren responded, "Well, I mightbut I doubt it.  I've thought long and hard about law as a career, I'm pretty certain it's for me."

Identity Moratorium 

• Have not made definite commitements (work in progress)
• In exploration process
• Attempting to distance from parents
• High self esteem
• Self directed
• Tendency to procrastinate when making decisions
• Avoids referring to other's opinions or social norms
• Most dissatisfied in college and likely to change majors

Example

When asked whether he had ever had doubts acout his religious beliefs, Ramon said, "Yes, I guess I'm going through that right now. I just don't see how ther can be a God and yet so much evil in the world"

Identity Foreclosure

• Committed to values and goals without exploring alternatives
• acccept identity chosen for them by others such as parents religious leaders, romantic partners
• loving and respectful towards parents
• low self esteem (easily affected by others
• very dependent on others
• simplifies complex issues
• refers to others and to social norms for opinions and decisions
• very satisfied in college as long as goals are clear
• not going to explore options
• internalize beliefs and feelings

Example

When asked if she had ever reconsidered  her political beliefs, Hillary answered, "No, not really, our family is pretty much in agreement on these things"

Identity Diffusion 

• Not committed to goals and values
• not actively trying to reach goals 
• little or no exploration of alternatives 
• Withdrawn from parents
• low self esteem
• dependent on others
• Complicates simple issues
• defers to other in personal and ideological choices
• indifferent to most courses of study in college unless motivated and "turned on"
• Apathetic
• Crowd followers
• Bad Academics
• Moves from sexual partner to sexual partner no connnection

Example

When asked about his attitude toards notraditional gender roles, Joel responded, "Oh I don't know, it doesn't make much of a difference to me, I can take it or leave it"

A teenager’s false belief that he or she cannot be conquered or even harmed by anything that might vanquish a normal person.

Imaginary Audience 

Chapter 11

a teenager’s false belief that others are intensely interested in his or her appearance and behavior.

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development 

Chapter 12

John-Q example

Labouvie-Vief Theory of Pragmatic Thought and Cognitive  & Affective Complexity

Chapter 13

• The need to specialize motivates the movement in Adults from hypothetical to Pragmatic Thought
• Pragmatic Thought is a structural advance in which logic becomes a tool for solving real world problems
• Adults select on path out of many alternatives they become aware of the contraints of everyday life

• Finds that from adolescence through middle adulthood, people gain Cognitive-Affective complexity
• An awareness of positive and negative feelings andcoordinations of them into a complex, organized structure
• Promotes greater awareness of one's own and others' perspective and motivations

Levinson’s Early Adult Stages

Early Adult Transition (17-22)

• Leave adolescence, make preliminary choices for adult life

Levinson’s Early Adult Stages

Entering the Adult World (22-28)

• Initial choices in love, occupation, friendship, values, and lifestyle

Levinson’s Early Adult Stages

Age 30 Transition (28-33)

• Changes in life structure. Either a moderate change or, more often, a severe and stressful crisis.

Levinson’s Early Adult Stages

Settling Down (33-40)

• Establish a niche in society, progress in a timetable, in both family and career accomplishments

Anthropolgist Margaret Meade (1928)

Social Environment Theory

• First researcher to point out the wide variability in adolecent adjustment 
• When returning from the Pacific Islands of Somoa, she concluded that because of the cultrue's relaxed social relationships and openness towards seuxality, adolecsence:
• "is perhaps the pleasantest time the Somoan childe will ever know"
• Offered an alternateive view in which the social environment is entirely responsible for the range of teenage experiences from erratic and agitated to calm and stress-free.  

Later  researchers found that Somaon adolecence was not as untroubled as Mead had assumed.

McNully & Fisher 

Sexual Satisfaction 

2008

Chapter 13

Partner Abuse 

Chapter 14

Men and women both become violent.

o   Same-sex or other-sex partnerships

o   Women more likely to get seriously injured.

Violence–remorse cycles common

o   Factors include:

§  personality and developmental history

§  family circumstances

§  culture

Much treatment not very effective

o   need whole-family approach, alcohol treatment, services for men

Personal Agency

Chapter 14

• Identity  progress in emerging adulthood requires a sense of purpose, self-efficacy, determination to overcome obstacles and responsibility for outcomes

Personal Fable

Chapter 11

• a teenager’s false belief that he or she is destined to have a unique, heroic, or even legendary life.

Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage

Age 11 and later

Chapter 11

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

• Can think hypothetically and abstractly
• Can use deductive reasoning

Racial Identity

Persons of Color

Chapter 12

Piaget's Postformal Thought

Chapter 13

• Cognitive development beyond Piaget's formal operations
• understanding that the correct answer to a problem requires reflective thinking and can vary situationally
• includes the belief that solutions to problems need to be realistic and that emotion and subjective factors can influence thinking

Racial Identity

Whites

Chapter 12

Racial Identity

Bi-Racial

Chapter 12

Kohlberg's "Heinz" Dilemma

Chapter 12

Book pg 319

• pits the value of obeying the law (not stealing) against the value of human life (saving a dying person).
• The way the person REASONS about the dilemma, not the content of the response. 
• The situation with the woman dying of cancer and her husband either stealing the drug that would save her life, or letting her die.

Kohlberg- Preconventional

Chapter 12

Book pg 319

• Morality is externally controlled.
• Children accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences.
• Behaviors that result in punishment are viewed as bad, those that lead to reward as good.

Kohlberg- Conventional

Chapter 12

Book pg 320

•  Individuals continue to regard conformity to social rules as important, but not for reasons of self-interest.
•  They believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships in the societal order.

Kohlberg- Postconventional

Chapter 12

Book pg 320

• Individuals move beyond unquestioning support for their own society's rules and laws. 
• They define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies.

Who Doesn't go through Emerging Adulthood

Chapter 14

Book pg 367

• The overwhelming majority of young people in traditional non-western countries
• those who have few exonomic resources or who remain in rural regions where they grew up.
• With limited education, they typically enter marriage, parenthood and lifelong work early.

Levinson -Transitions

Chapter 14

Book pg 370

• Development as a sequence of qualitively distinct eras each beginning with a transition.

Levinson

Life Structures

Chapter 14

Book pg 370

• The underlying design of a person's life, consisting of relationshps with significant others- individuals, groups and institutions. 
• men: "settling down"
• women: split dreams

Levinson - split dreams

Chapter 14

• Women display dreams involving both marriage and career

Book pg 371

• Facilitates the realization of a dream
• Often a senior colleague at work but occasionally a more experienced friend, neighbor, or relative

Vaillant's Adaptions to Life

Chapter 14

·         Twenties – intimacy concerns

·         Thirties – career consolidation

·         Forties – generativity

·         Fifties and sixties – “keepers of meaning”

·         Seventies – spiritual and reflective

Consequences of Rape and Sexual Abuse

Trauma response

• Immediate shock
• Long-term problems
•  depression
• social anxiety
• substance abuse
• Physical injury
• STDs
• General ill health
• Negative behaviors

Preventing and Treating
Rape and Abuse

Chapter 13

Book pg 372

•  Age graded expectations for major life events, such as beginning a first job, getting married, birth of the first child, buying a home and retiring.
• Following social clock lends confidence, contributes to social stability
• The stability of a society depends on following social-clock patterns.

Sternberg  Triangular Theory of Love

Chapter 14

Book pg 373

Identifies three components-that shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop

• intimacy
• passion
• commitment

Puberty - physical signs for boys and girls

Chapter 11

Book pg. 286

• Girls
• Growth spurts, periods, underarm and pubic hair, breast development, hips broaden, gain more fat
• The first menstration. Age 10 1/2 to 15 1/2
• Boys
• Enlargement of the testes, changes in texture and color of the scrotum, pubic hair and enlargement of the penis. Facial and underarm hair, deepening of the voice, shoulders broaden, legs lengthen, gain more muscle, aerobic efficiency
• The first ejactulation. Around age 13 1/2

Substance Use in
Early Adulthood

Chapter 13

Periods of
Vocational Development

Chapter 13

Asceticism

Freud’s Genital Stage Defence