Term
| Plasticity means the ability to move from one developmental stage to another while remaining in the same age range. |
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Term
| Nonormative life events are unusual occurences that have a major impact on an individual's changes. |
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| Nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance, and nurture refers to the psychological changes that occur throughout the lifespan. |
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| Albert Bandura's theory focuses heavily on the role of observational learning. |
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| Brofenbrenner's theory is the study of animal behavior as animals live in their natural habitat. |
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| An important contribution of Bronfenbrenner's theory is an emphasis on a range of social contexts beyond the family. |
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| Correlational research describes the relationship between events or characteristics. |
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| The importance of correlational data is that it pinpoints the specific causes of behavior. |
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Definition
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| An independent variable is a manipulated, influential experimental factor. |
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Definition
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| The longitudinal approach is a research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more. |
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| Informed consent is not an important ethical concern if the university research oversight committee is effective. |
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Definition
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Term
| Random assignment is an important principle in experimentation because it insures that all subjects are of the same age and demographic group. |
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| Skinner's theory of behaviorism includes the importance of rewards and punishment in shaping behavior. |
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| Vygotsky's theory is one of language acquisition that involves a careful analysis of information processing. |
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| Piaget's theory suggests that children construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development. |
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| Evolutionary psychologists argue that if a behavior exist today, it has evolved and continues to exist because it is adaptive for us. |
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Definition
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| Women have twice the likelihood of having a sex-linked genetic abnormality, because they have twice as many X chromosomes as men. |
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Definition
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Term
| The genetic abnormality called PKU (Phenylketonuria) is a good example of how a person's genetic inheritance for a certain disorder inevitably leads to that disorder's developing later on in the person's life. |
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| Teratogens such as alcohol and exposure to radiation have devastating effects at all periods of prenatal development. The timing of exposure to harmful influences such as these would not alter their influence on the baby. |
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Definition
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| Some fetuses are genetically more susceptible to the effects of teratogens than are others. |
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Definition
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Term
| The shortest of the three stages of childbirth is the afterbirth stage, when the placenta is expelled. |
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Definition
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Term
| We define low-birthweight infants as those weighing less than 5.5 pounds. |
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Definition
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| Low birthweight children tend to have learning problems in infancy, but they usually catch up and have no adverse effects once they enter school. |
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Definition
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| Kangaroo care is beneficial for preterm infants and is now being recommended for full-term infants as well. |
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Definition
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Term
| Postpartum depression is a serious problem experience by over half of new mothers. |
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Definition
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Term
| Early motor behaviors always develop in a cephalocaudal pattern. |
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Definition
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Term
| By the second year of life, infants' rate of growth increase dramatically. |
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Definition
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Term
| The infants' brain areas do not mature uniformly; some develop earlier than others. |
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Definition
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| Because newborns take several short naps throughout the day, they never fully fall into REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the dynamic systems view, universal milestones such as crawling and walking are caused solely by maturation of the nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| The development of gross motor skills require postural control. |
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Definition
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Term
| Piaget emphasized the idea that simply knowing more information allows a child to progress to the next stage of development. |
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Definition
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Term
| Habituation measurements are used to assess infant perception and memory. |
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Definition
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Term
| There is a clear consensus amoung researchers now that newborns are capable of imitating others. |
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Definition
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| Because babies who are in the cooing stage of language development cannot communicate by speaking, they often use gestures such as pointing. |
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Definition
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| It is a very difficult for blind children who have never seen a person smile to experience the emotions of joy and happiness. |
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Definition
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Term
| The initial phase of infant attachment to parents is based on early emotional interchanges, whether positive or negative. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensitive, responsive parents are essential for helping an infant grow emotionally. |
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Definition
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| Before six months of age, stranger anxiety is fairly mild, but by eight months it has reached its peak and begins to decline, and by 1 year of age, it is usually gone. |
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Definition
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Term
| Kagan's research has shown that because it is a biological trait, children's behavioral inhibitions rarely, if ever, become more moderate. |
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Definition
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| Research shows that children may learn to modify their temperament to a certain degree. |
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Definition
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Term
| Feeding is the crucial element in the attachment process. Without being fed consistently by the caregiver, the infant will not attach to that caregiver. |
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Definition
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Term
| For an infant to be classified as insecure-disorganized, there must be certain behaviors present such as extreme fearfulness of the caregiver, avoidance, and/or resistance. |
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Definition
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Term
| When states enact policies that improve child-care worker training and reduce child-care staff ratios, we see higher cognitive and social competence in children. |
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Definition
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| Extensive child-care experiences tend to weaken the influence of families on children. |
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