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Developmental Psych
Second Test
145
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
02/13/2008

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Term
Freud's Understanding Infants And Toddlers
Definition
Birth To 1 Year
Encouraged us to look at early emotional and social interactions
Oral stage-amount of food- satisfaction with quantity shapes personality
1-3
Anal Stage- toilet training, need to control impulses
Term
Erikson's Understanding Infant's and Toddlers
Definition
Birth To 1 Year quality of mother's behavior during feeding and general caregiving

Quality- sensitive, responsive, consistent
Trust vs. Mistrust
1 to 3 How parents are handling assertions of independence
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Term
Trust vs Mistrust Psychosocial Conflict
Definition
Erikson Sees trust as the foundation of human development
Conflict is resolved positively if BALANCE of caregiving is sympathetic and lovin
Mistrustful baby cannot count on others- protects herself by withdrawing
Term
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt psychosocial conflict
Definition
For positive resolution, need suitable guidance and free choice. Do not force or shame
Negative resolution- child feels shamed, doubts ability
Term
Emotional communication
Definition
is a babies first language
Term
Basic Emotions
Definition
Expressed the same way worldwide, can be directly inferred by facial expressions. Sign of almost all of them are present in infancy.
Happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust
Term
Early Smiles Vs. Social Smile
Definition
Early Smile- Mostly reflexive and related to internal, physiological state
Social Smile- Occurs in response to external stimuli
Term
Self-Conscious emotions
Definition
18-24 months
Self-evaluative component- involves injury to or enhancement of sense of self. Ex: shame, guilt, envy, pride
Term
Temperament
Definition
refers to relatively stable individual differences in the quality and intensity of emotional reaction- not personality
Term
Easy Child
Definition
40% generally cheerful and predictable
Term
Diffiult child
Definition
10% often irritable and unpredictable
Term
Slow-to-warm-up child
Definition
15% moody, inactive
35% don't fit in any pattern
Term
Role of Environment and Genetics
Definition
effectiveness of the match between child-rearing practices and child's temperament: GOODNESS OF FIT model
Term
Stability of Temperament
Definition
Only moderately stable from one age period to the next. It can be modified by experience. Least stable using infant assessments
Term
Findings of Stifler & Fox 1990
Definition
Assessed emotional reactivity of new and 5 months. See some consistency early on of babies who cried at T1, 53% cried at T2
Of baby who did not cry at T1, 72% did not cry
Term
NYLS STUDY
Definition
70% of children classified as difficult based on early behavior developed serious behavior problems
Term
Attachment
Definition
The strong affectional tie that humans feel towards special people
Term
Attachment
Definition
Signaling- crying, smiling
Orienting- looking
Attempts at physical contact
Term
Nature of Ethological theory of attachment
Definition
views infant's emotional tie to its mom as an evolved response that promotes survival
Term
Four Steps in the development of attachment
Definition
Preattachment phase (birth to 6 weeks)
Attachment-in-the-making phase (6 weeks to 6-8 months)
---Respond differently to different people, but does not yet protest when separated from a primary caregiver look up rest when jaz gives notes back
Term
Stranger Anxiety
Definition
Fear- an expression of fear in response to unfamiliar adults
Term
Social Referencing
Definition
use of a trusted person's emotional reactions to decide how to respond in an uncertain situation
Term
Nature of Self Concept
Definition
The picture people have of themselves; initially based on external factors- very concrete
Term
Emergence of Self Esteem
Definition
an aspect of self-concept that involves judgments about one's own worth
Term
Heteronomous vs. Autonomous morality
Definition
Heteronomous- rules as unchangeable product
Autonomous - rules as creations of people
Term
Parallel play
Definition
do not try to influence behavior
Term
Associative play
Definition
exchange of toys or comments
Term
Cooperative Play
Definition
oriented toward a common goal (e.g. hid and seek, restaurant, tea party0
Term
Make believe of sociodramtic play
Definition
joint make believe - help cognitive development to work out fears
Term
Socialization
Definition
process of absorbing the attitudes, values, and customs of a society
Term
Power assertive discipline
Definition
Relies on the parent's overwhelming power and control over child and child's fear of punishment
Term
Love Withdrawal
Definition
Relies on child's fear they will lose parent's support affection, and approval
Term
Inductive Reasoning
Definition
use of reason and explanation to make child realize harmful consequences
Term
Why induction is effective?
Definition
In it power to motivated children's active commitment to moral standards. They see impact of their actions on others, and it encourages empathy and sympathy
Term
Concerns about physical discipline
Definition
Seen to be ineffictive, Child Becomes:
-fearful of parents
-are less likely to internalize social rules
-often imitate their parent's aggressive behavior as and adult (physical discipline)
Can easily spiral into a cycle of abuse
Term
Authoritative Style
Definition
High Demandingness, high responsiveness
-rational, democratic approach- both autonomy and discipline valued
-warm, nuturant, accepting- listen to child's point of view
-high degree of control- rules and standards clearly communicated- reasonable demands for maturity
Heavey use of discussion and explanation
Term
Authoritarian Style
Definition
High Demandingness, Low Responsive
-Conformity and obedience valued over open communication-chn expected to accept adult's word without question
-Heavy use of power-assertive discipline
Term
Permissive Style
Definition
Low demandingness, high responsiveness
-Nuturant, communicative accepting, and affirmative
Avoid imposing controls of any kind, - emphasize self-regulation
Term
Neglectful Style
Definition
Emotionally uninvolved
Undemanding and indifferent- show little commitment to role as caregiver
-inconsistent in setting standards and expectations
Term
Outcomes of Authoritative Parenting
Definition
related to better psychological outcome
-chn are lively, happy, self confident, self-controlled
-Fosters good peer relationship
-Facilitates school success
Term
outcome of authoritarian parenting
Definition
Preschoolers are often anxious, withdrawn, distrustful
Have poorer peer relations and school adjustments
Term
Outcomes of permissive parenting
Definition
-Chn are immature, have difficulty controlling their impulses
-Difficulties in peer relations; comineering and egocentric
Term
Outcomes of Neglectful Parents
Definition
Tend to have various degrees of developmental difficulties
Consistently at risk for drug abuse and delinquency
Term
Gender Typing
Definition
the process of developing gender roles, or gender-linked preferences and behaviors valued by the larger society
Term
Expressive rule Vs. Instrumental Role
Definition
Females-expressive Role- ex. nuturant, sensitive
Males- Instrumental Role- ex. assertive, competitive
Term
Gender Identity
Definition
Knowledge that one is either a boy or a girl
Term
Androgyny
Definition
a type of gender identity in which the person scores high on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics
Term
Preverbal associative network
Definition
discriminating the sexes
Term
Labeling
Definition
Label own sexes and that of other people
Term
Rigid Associations
Definition
associations between each sex and related activities, toys, jobs, items, attributes are absolute initially
Term
Activity and toy preferences
Definition
Develop strong preferences for the toys and activities associated with own sex by 14-22 months
Term
Playmate Preference and Gender Segregation
Definition
Develop preferences for same-sex playmates
Gender Segregations- by age 3- gender segregation- 3:1 by age 4, 11:1 by age 6
Term
Assymetric trends
Definition
Males quicker than females to adopt sex-typed preferences and patterns of beahavior and have more rigid stereotyping
-Cross sex behavior tolerated more by females
Term
Psychoanalytic Gender Role Development
Definition
Identification with same sex parent
Term
Social Cognitive Theory of Gender Role Development
Definition
Differential reinforcement of gender-appropriate behavior and sanctioning of gender-inappropriate ones
Observational learning
Term
Cognitive Developmental Theory of Gender Role Development
Definition
-Self socialization for cognitive consistency
-Gender Constancy
Term
Gender Constancy
Definition
understanding the permanence of one's sex
Term
Gender Schema Theory
Definition
Establishment of a basic gender identity motivates child to learn about gender
-experience and beliefs are organized into schemas used to interpret the world and guide behavior
Term
in group/out group schema
Definition
a broad categorization of attributes, activites, and objects as being for either boys or girls. Mental represenation of what is suitable for thier in group (boys for boys)
Term
own sex schema
Definition
more detailed information about everything in their in group
Term
Parents role in gender typing
Definition
-own gender stereotypes and expectations guide perceptions
-Direct verbal comments about expectations
-Toy purchases and treat and supervise children differntly
Term
Hormonal influence on gender typing
Definition
Congenital Adrenal Hyperlasia (Cah) girls
-received high levels of androgens in utero
-born w/fully or partially masculanized gentialia
treatment often correcitve surgery + cortisone
Term
CAH Girls old research
Definition
girls were often tomboys and exhibited preferences to male activities
-but might be because of cortisone, different treatment by parents, awareness of CAH and only interviews
Term
Recent CAH research
Definition
Toy pref in lab, activity pref, and playmate pref more masc
but rough play showed no difference
Term
Prosocial/altruistic behavior
Definition
Actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for self (early childhood emotional capacity)
Term
Instrumental and hostile aggression
Definition
Instrumental- children want an object, privilege, or space and, in trying to get it, push, shout at, or otherwise attack a person who is in the way.
Hostile- meant to hurt another person
Term
Relational aggression
Definition
damages another's peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip, or friendship manipulation
Term
Role of Media
Definition
Violent tv increases violence in children
Term
Obesity
Definition
20% higher than ideal weight
-Adults: BMI > 30
-Child: BMI >_ 95th percentile
Term
Environmental Forces Contributing Obesity
Definition
Food producers and fast food industry
-Soda and sugary foods in school
-Super sizing
Advertising for food
-40 billion a year half commericals kids see
Activity reductions in school
-Kids in PE 1969-80% 99- 20%
Telvision viewing
-kids 3-4 hrs day watching tv (more time during year in front of tv than school)
Term
Role of TV in obesity
Definition
Positive correlation with TV and obesity
-Mechanism unclear
-Passitivty (watch instead of physical activity)
-eat food while watch
- advertising causes poor food choices
Term
Causes of Obesity
Definition
Heredity leads to tendency to gain weight
Bad eating habbits, reinforce with food
Overweight hard to work out
TV
Term
Psychological Consequences of Obesity
Definition
-Less popular, more socially isolated
Latner and Stankard- obese child least liked among pics
-Have lower self-esteem and lower body esteem
-Report feeling more depressed
Term
Changes in thinking in concrete operational period
Definition
-Thought become more logical, flexible, and organized
-Conservation as a critical achievement, Chn now show deconstruction and reversibility
-See improvement in chn's classificaiton skils can now group objectsinto hierarchies
-Develop organization (seriation and transitivity)
-still work poorly in abstract
Term
Seriation and Transitivity
Definition
Seriation- ability to order items on a quantiative dimension
Transitivity- ability to perform seriation mentally
Term
Changes in attention
Definition
-More selective/controlled
-More adaptive
-Greater planfulness
Term
Memory strategies
Definition
deliberate mental activity we use to store and retain info
Term
Metacognition
Definition
improved ability to think about own thinking and knowledge
Term
Cognitive Self Regulation
Definition
the process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts
Term
Process Intelligence
Definition
Sternbers Triarchic theory of intelligence
-identifies three broad, interacting intelligences (1) analytical intelligence, orinformation processing skills (2) creative intelligence, the capcity to solve novel problems; and (3) practical intellgence application of intellectual skils in everyday situations. Intellgient behavior involves balancing all three intelligences to achieve success in life according to one's personal goals and teh requiremtns of one's cultural community
Term
Factor Intelligence
Definition
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
-defines intelligence in terms of distinct sets of processing operations that permit individuals to engage in a wide range of culturally valued activites. Dismissing the diea of general intelligence, Gardenr proposes at least eight independent intelligences
Term
Nature of IQ test
Definition
Multiple Forces: verbal reasoning quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning, short-term memory
Term
IQ test
Definition
has experience and cultural biased,
-not designed to test the overall intelligence int he owrld
-do not sample all human activites
just predictor of school success
Term
Stereotype threat
Definition
the fear of being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype which can trigger anxiety that interferes with performance
Term
differences in school attitudes, expectations, and attributions between Japan/Taiwan and the U.S.
Definition
Japan and taiwan deveoted more economic resources to education
Beliefs about keys to academic success-effort seen as key in Asian countries vs. ability seen as key in US
Term
dynamics of bilingual development and education
Definition
sensitive period for second language
-harder with age
-bilinguals do better on tests of selective attetnions and analytical reasoning
-Emmerision works in canada
-book suggest bilingual teaching
Term
psychosocial conflict of industry vs. inferiority
Definition
Industry- a sense of confidence at useful skills and tasks and willingness to achieve to the best of one's ability
-fostered by adult's expectations and chn's drive towards mastery
Inferiority- having a sense of yourself as inferior incompetent will never be good at anything
Term
3 changes in self-concept
Definition
1. Emphasize traits and competencies in self-descriptions
-Combine expectations and behaviors into stable psychological dispositions
-Start out bold and global and gradually become more nuanced
2. Begin to make social comparisons
3. Become better at reading the messages received from others and it incorporating these into self descriptions
Term
2 Changes in Self-Esteem
Definition
1. Becomes Hierarchal (academics, physical, social appearance. More defined with age
2. Middle Childhood self-esteem drops and then rises
Term
Peer Groups
Definition
a group of two or more people of similar status who interact with each other and share norms and goals
-most interactions with peer occur in them
Term
Functions of Peer Groups
Definition
Relatively Stable,
-Offer soicablitly and sense of belonging
- Help shape definition of self-help, oppurtunties for learning and practicing goals
-cooperation,competition, leaderships, loyalty
Term
Functions of Peer Groups
Definition
Relatively Stable,
-Offer soicablitly and sense of belonging
- Help shape definition of self-help, oppurtunties for learning and practicing goals
-cooperation,competition, leaderships, loyalty
Term
friendships change from preschool years to middle childhood
Definition
-Become more selective, friends are similar to self
-More complex characteristics
-Mutual loyalty, and trust, importance of emotional commitment
-Remain stable over middle childhood
Term
Sociometrics
Definition
Self report measures that ask peers to evaluate one another's likability
Term
Popular
Definition
Many Pop votes, few liked least
Pop. Prosocial- good interpersonal skills and kind considerate, self confident, friendly
-Pop-antisocial- socially adept, but belligerent or mean
Term
Rejected Chn
Definition
Actively disliked, High Liked Least few Liked Most
Term
Controversial Chn
Definition
High Liked Least, High Liked Most
Disruptive but do engage in some positive and pro social acts
-Often have good sense of humor (class clown)
Term
Neglected Chn
Definition
Low Liked Least, Low Liked Most
-Usually uninvolved, approach peers less, appear shy
-Usually well adjusted, have average social skills
Term
Average Chn
Definition
1/3 like and disliked by some classmates but lack intensity
Term
Rejected Aggressive Chn
Definition
High rates of conflicts, and inattentive and impulsive behavior
-Deficient in social understanding
Term
Rejected-withdrawn Chn
Definition
Passive socially awkward, timid, may "act like baby"
-Negative expectations of how peers will treat them
-At risk for bullies
Term
Negative consequences of rejected status
Definition
-Short term= poor school attitudes and performance
-Long term= delinquency, school drop-out and possibly psychopathology (e.g. depression)
Term
Bullying
Definition
-instances of intentionally negative actions being directed at a specific person
1/5 Chn Bullied, 1/10 are bullies
Multiple forms-verbal physical, psycho
and direct or indirect
Term
Characteristics of Bullies
Definition
Highly aggressive-tend to be nooncompliant across several domains and settings
-anti-social, break rules
-proactive aggressors
-try to dominate others
-little empathy
Term
Passive victims
Definition
(most common)
-Rarely fight back
-Physically slight or weak
-Anxious, insecure, quiet, scared low self esteem
-Loner
Term
Aggressive/Provocative Victims
Definition
-Aggressive like bullies, attempt to fight back
-Reactive aggression, hot tempered, irritate and tease others
-Not popular
Term
parenting and discipline change in middle childhood
Definition
-Relationships still powerful influences
-Focus on coregulation
-Shaping and enforcing "good" and moral behaviors
-Goal is Internalizations
Term
Coregulation
Definition
a transitional form of supervision in which parents generally oversee while permitting chn to make moment-by-moment decisions
Term
Internalization
Definition
shift from externally controlled response to behavior that is controlled inter standards and prompts?
Term
Divorce
Definition
Impact is worse for younger children who blame themselves. Girls cry boys act out. Custody afterwards also has affects
Term
4 steps to attachment development
Definition
1. Preattachemnt phase (brith to 6 weeks)- children's smile, grabbing and staring bring them into contact with others
2."Attachment-in-the-making" phase (6wks-6-8mnths) act different to their caregiver (Sense of trust)
3. "Clear-cut" attachment phase (6-8mnths -18-24mnths) Separtion anxiety develops along withs secure base
4. Formation of a reciprocal relationship- seperation protest declines and better understanding
Term
Separation anxiety
Definition
becoming upset when the adult whom they have to rely on leaves
Term
Secure Base
Definition
babies use familiar caregiver as a point which to explore, venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional support
Term
Internal working model
Definition
set of expectations about the availabilty of attachment figures and their likelihood of provding support during times of stress. The internal working model becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close realationships.
Term
Strange Sitution
Definition
-An observational measure of the quality of attachment between 1 & 2 years of age
-Involves short separation from and reunions w/parent
-Gives cues about use of parents' presence in soothing child upon reunion
Term
Secure Attachment
Definition
(65%) easily comforted upon reunion
Term
Avoidant attachment
Definition
(20%) avoidance at reunion
Mom is overstimulating, intrusive care
Term
Resistant attachment
Definition
(10-15%) angry, resistant behavior at reunion: often cannot be easily comforted
Mom is inconsistent care; unpredictable
Term
Disorganized/disoriented attachment
Definition
(5-10%)- confused and contradictory behaviors
Mom tend to have experienced loss, or have sever adjustment difficulties. Often abusive or neglectful
Term
Caregiving Factors predicting Secure Attachment
Definition
-Prompt response to infant signals
-Expression of positive emotion and affection
-Tender and careful handling
Term
Caregiving Factors Predicting Insecure attachments
Definition
-Dislikes physical contact
-Handle infants awkwardly/harshly
-Behaves insensitively when meeting infants needs
-Interacts in angry or irritable manor
Term
differences in nature of father-infant and mother-infant interactions
Definition
-Fathers spend less time with infants
-Fathers spend more time in playful interactions-Dad's as playmates
Term
Infant father attachment
Definition
Independent of Infant mother attachment
Secure attachement predicted positively by
-Degree of positive interaction
-Attitudes about infant prenatal role
-Time with infant
Term
Impact of early attachment on later life
Definition
Secure attached- better social and emotional development. Easier to develop good relationships
Term
debate about attachment security and infant day care
Definition
Low quality child care can contribute to insecure attachment but quality child care does not necessarily.
Term
Brain Development
Definition
Between age 2 and 6, the brain increases from 70% of its adult weight to 90 percent. Preschoolers improve a wide variety of skills-physical, perception, attention, memory, language, logical thinking, and imagination
Term
Handedness
Definition
left or right, reflects the greater capacity of one side of the brain, referred to as dominant cerebral hemisphere
Term
Piaget’s pre-operational stage
Definition
Principal Achievement is developing capacity to represent the external world internally through the use of symbols
-Free children from here and now boundaries
-cause and effect
-theory of mind
Term
Make-Believe
Definition
development of representation in early childhood. Young children practice and strengthen newly acquired representational schemes.
Term
Cognitive Operations
Definition
mental actions that obey logical rules
Term
Conservation
Definition
a fundamental problem= knowledge that basic physical dimensions remain the same despite superficial changes in appearance
Term
Piaget’s 8 limitations of preschool thought
Definition
1. Egocentrism
2. Reasoning is perception bound
3. Thinking is characterized by Centration
4.Trouble with Reversibility
5.Tend to focus on states, rather than transformation
6. Not yet attained Identity Costancy
7.Exhibit Transductive reasoning
8. DIfficulty wiht Hierarchal classifications
Term
Egocentrism and Animistic thinking
Definition
inability to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one's own
Responsible for Animistic Thinking- belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities
Term
Centration
Definition
Focused on one aspect of a stimulus to the neglect of other important features
Term
Reversibility
Definition
ability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem, then reverse direction, returning to the starting point
Term
Identity Constancy
Definition
Realization that some qualitative characteristics of individuals are permanent, despite changes in outward appearance
Term
Transductive Reasoning
Definition
Reasoning for one particular event to another particular event, whether or not there is a logical causal relationship
Term
Hierarchal Classification
Definition
The organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarity and differences between the groups
Term
Four concerns with Piaget’s methodologies and conclusions
Definition
1. Focused too much on limitation, ignored fragile competence
2.Relied to much on ability to give verbal explanations
3.Tasks contained unfamiliar elements
4. Ambiguous question phrasing; repeated questions
Term
Theory of mind
Definition
Coherent set of ideas about mental activities
Rudiment of logical operation appear before onset of concrete stage
Term
Vygotsky’s perspectives on learning
Definition
Preschoolers talk to themselves help them learn
Private speech- self directed speech, not called egocentrism
Term
Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding
Definition
Zone or P. Develop- range of tasks too difficult for the child to do alone but possible with the help of adults and more skilled peers
Scaffolding- adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance
Term
Language Development
Fast Mapping
Definition
2-6 achievements and mistakes reveal rule-oriented approach
Fast Mapping- children connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter
Term
Mutual Exclusivity Bias
Definition
children assume all words refer to entirely separate categories.
Term
psychosocial conflict of preschooler - initiative vs. guilt
Definition
children have a new sense of purposefulness. Eager to tackle new tasks, join in activities , parents who chastise and punish too much lead to guilt
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