Term
| Freud's Understanding Infants And Toddlers |
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Definition
Birth To 1 Year
Encouraged us to look at early emotional and social interactions
Oral stage-amount of food- satisfaction with quantity shapes personality
1-3
Anal Stage- toilet training, need to control impulses |
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Term
| Erikson's Understanding Infant's and Toddlers |
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Definition
Birth To 1 Year quality of mother's behavior during feeding and general caregiving
Quality- sensitive, responsive, consistent
Trust vs. Mistrust
1 to 3 How parents are handling assertions of independence
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt |
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Term
| Trust vs Mistrust Psychosocial Conflict |
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Definition
Erikson Sees trust as the foundation of human development
Conflict is resolved positively if BALANCE of caregiving is sympathetic and lovin
Mistrustful baby cannot count on others- protects herself by withdrawing |
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Term
| Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt psychosocial conflict |
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Definition
For positive resolution, need suitable guidance and free choice. Do not force or shame
Negative resolution- child feels shamed, doubts ability |
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Term
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Definition
| is a babies first language |
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Term
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Definition
Expressed the same way worldwide, can be directly inferred by facial expressions. Sign of almost all of them are present in infancy.
Happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust |
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Term
| Early Smiles Vs. Social Smile |
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Definition
Early Smile- Mostly reflexive and related to internal, physiological state
Social Smile- Occurs in response to external stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
18-24 months
Self-evaluative component- involves injury to or enhancement of sense of self. Ex: shame, guilt, envy, pride |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to relatively stable individual differences in the quality and intensity of emotional reaction- not personality |
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Term
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Definition
| 40% generally cheerful and predictable |
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Term
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Definition
| 10% often irritable and unpredictable |
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Term
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Definition
15% moody, inactive
35% don't fit in any pattern |
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Term
| Role of Environment and Genetics |
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Definition
| effectiveness of the match between child-rearing practices and child's temperament: GOODNESS OF FIT model |
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Term
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Definition
| Only moderately stable from one age period to the next. It can be modified by experience. Least stable using infant assessments |
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Term
| Findings of Stifler & Fox 1990 |
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Definition
Assessed emotional reactivity of new and 5 months. See some consistency early on of babies who cried at T1, 53% cried at T2
Of baby who did not cry at T1, 72% did not cry |
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Term
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Definition
| 70% of children classified as difficult based on early behavior developed serious behavior problems |
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Term
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Definition
| The strong affectional tie that humans feel towards special people |
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Term
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Definition
Signaling- crying, smiling
Orienting- looking
Attempts at physical contact |
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Term
| Nature of Ethological theory of attachment |
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Definition
| views infant's emotional tie to its mom as an evolved response that promotes survival |
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Term
| Four Steps in the development of attachment |
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Definition
Preattachment phase (birth to 6 weeks)
Attachment-in-the-making phase (6 weeks to 6-8 months)
---Respond differently to different people, but does not yet protest when separated from a primary caregiver look up rest when jaz gives notes back |
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Term
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Definition
| Fear- an expression of fear in response to unfamiliar adults |
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Term
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Definition
| use of a trusted person's emotional reactions to decide how to respond in an uncertain situation |
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Term
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Definition
| The picture people have of themselves; initially based on external factors- very concrete |
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Term
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Definition
| an aspect of self-concept that involves judgments about one's own worth |
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Term
| Heteronomous vs. Autonomous morality |
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Definition
Heteronomous- rules as unchangeable product
Autonomous - rules as creations of people |
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Term
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Definition
| do not try to influence behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange of toys or comments |
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Term
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Definition
| oriented toward a common goal (e.g. hid and seek, restaurant, tea party0 |
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Term
| Make believe of sociodramtic play |
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Definition
| joint make believe - help cognitive development to work out fears |
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Term
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Definition
| process of absorbing the attitudes, values, and customs of a society |
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Term
| Power assertive discipline |
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Definition
| Relies on the parent's overwhelming power and control over child and child's fear of punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| Relies on child's fear they will lose parent's support affection, and approval |
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Term
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Definition
| use of reason and explanation to make child realize harmful consequences |
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Term
| Why induction is effective? |
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Definition
| In it power to motivated children's active commitment to moral standards. They see impact of their actions on others, and it encourages empathy and sympathy |
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Term
| Concerns about physical discipline |
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Definition
Seen to be ineffictive, Child Becomes:
-fearful of parents
-are less likely to internalize social rules
-often imitate their parent's aggressive behavior as and adult (physical discipline)
Can easily spiral into a cycle of abuse |
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Term
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Definition
High Demandingness, high responsiveness
-rational, democratic approach- both autonomy and discipline valued
-warm, nuturant, accepting- listen to child's point of view
-high degree of control- rules and standards clearly communicated- reasonable demands for maturity
Heavey use of discussion and explanation |
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Term
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Definition
High Demandingness, Low Responsive
-Conformity and obedience valued over open communication-chn expected to accept adult's word without question
-Heavy use of power-assertive discipline |
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Term
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Definition
Low demandingness, high responsiveness
-Nuturant, communicative accepting, and affirmative
Avoid imposing controls of any kind, - emphasize self-regulation |
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Term
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Definition
Emotionally uninvolved
Undemanding and indifferent- show little commitment to role as caregiver
-inconsistent in setting standards and expectations |
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Term
| Outcomes of Authoritative Parenting |
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Definition
related to better psychological outcome
-chn are lively, happy, self confident, self-controlled
-Fosters good peer relationship
-Facilitates school success |
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Term
| outcome of authoritarian parenting |
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Definition
Preschoolers are often anxious, withdrawn, distrustful
Have poorer peer relations and school adjustments |
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Term
| Outcomes of permissive parenting |
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Definition
-Chn are immature, have difficulty controlling their impulses
-Difficulties in peer relations; comineering and egocentric |
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Term
| Outcomes of Neglectful Parents |
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Definition
Tend to have various degrees of developmental difficulties
Consistently at risk for drug abuse and delinquency |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of developing gender roles, or gender-linked preferences and behaviors valued by the larger society |
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Term
| Expressive rule Vs. Instrumental Role |
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Definition
Females-expressive Role- ex. nuturant, sensitive
Males- Instrumental Role- ex. assertive, competitive |
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Term
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Definition
| Knowledge that one is either a boy or a girl |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of gender identity in which the person scores high on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics |
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Term
| Preverbal associative network |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Label own sexes and that of other people |
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Term
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Definition
| associations between each sex and related activities, toys, jobs, items, attributes are absolute initially |
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Term
| Activity and toy preferences |
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Definition
| Develop strong preferences for the toys and activities associated with own sex by 14-22 months |
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Term
| Playmate Preference and Gender Segregation |
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Definition
Develop preferences for same-sex playmates
Gender Segregations- by age 3- gender segregation- 3:1 by age 4, 11:1 by age 6 |
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Term
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Definition
Males quicker than females to adopt sex-typed preferences and patterns of beahavior and have more rigid stereotyping
-Cross sex behavior tolerated more by females |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic Gender Role Development |
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Definition
| Identification with same sex parent |
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Term
| Social Cognitive Theory of Gender Role Development |
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Definition
Differential reinforcement of gender-appropriate behavior and sanctioning of gender-inappropriate ones
Observational learning |
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Term
| Cognitive Developmental Theory of Gender Role Development |
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Definition
-Self socialization for cognitive consistency
-Gender Constancy |
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Term
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Definition
| understanding the permanence of one's sex |
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Term
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Definition
Establishment of a basic gender identity motivates child to learn about gender
-experience and beliefs are organized into schemas used to interpret the world and guide behavior |
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Term
| in group/out group schema |
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Definition
| a broad categorization of attributes, activites, and objects as being for either boys or girls. Mental represenation of what is suitable for thier in group (boys for boys) |
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Term
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Definition
| more detailed information about everything in their in group |
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Term
| Parents role in gender typing |
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Definition
-own gender stereotypes and expectations guide perceptions
-Direct verbal comments about expectations
-Toy purchases and treat and supervise children differntly |
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Term
| Hormonal influence on gender typing |
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Definition
Congenital Adrenal Hyperlasia (Cah) girls
-received high levels of androgens in utero
-born w/fully or partially masculanized gentialia
treatment often correcitve surgery + cortisone |
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Term
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Definition
girls were often tomboys and exhibited preferences to male activities
-but might be because of cortisone, different treatment by parents, awareness of CAH and only interviews |
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Term
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Definition
Toy pref in lab, activity pref, and playmate pref more masc
but rough play showed no difference |
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Term
| Prosocial/altruistic behavior |
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Definition
| Actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for self (early childhood emotional capacity) |
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Term
| Instrumental and hostile aggression |
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Definition
Instrumental- children want an object, privilege, or space and, in trying to get it, push, shout at, or otherwise attack a person who is in the way.
Hostile- meant to hurt another person |
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Term
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Definition
| damages another's peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip, or friendship manipulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Violent tv increases violence in children |
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Term
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Definition
20% higher than ideal weight
-Adults: BMI > 30
-Child: BMI >_ 95th percentile |
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Term
| Environmental Forces Contributing Obesity |
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Definition
Food producers and fast food industry
-Soda and sugary foods in school
-Super sizing
Advertising for food
-40 billion a year half commericals kids see
Activity reductions in school
-Kids in PE 1969-80% 99- 20%
Telvision viewing
-kids 3-4 hrs day watching tv (more time during year in front of tv than school) |
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Term
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Definition
Positive correlation with TV and obesity
-Mechanism unclear
-Passitivty (watch instead of physical activity)
-eat food while watch
- advertising causes poor food choices |
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Term
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Definition
Heredity leads to tendency to gain weight
Bad eating habbits, reinforce with food
Overweight hard to work out
TV |
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Term
| Psychological Consequences of Obesity |
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Definition
-Less popular, more socially isolated
Latner and Stankard- obese child least liked among pics
-Have lower self-esteem and lower body esteem
-Report feeling more depressed |
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Term
| Changes in thinking in concrete operational period |
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Definition
-Thought become more logical, flexible, and organized
-Conservation as a critical achievement, Chn now show deconstruction and reversibility
-See improvement in chn's classificaiton skils can now group objectsinto hierarchies
-Develop organization (seriation and transitivity)
-still work poorly in abstract |
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Term
| Seriation and Transitivity |
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Definition
Seriation- ability to order items on a quantiative dimension
Transitivity- ability to perform seriation mentally |
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Term
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Definition
-More selective/controlled
-More adaptive
-Greater planfulness |
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Term
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Definition
| deliberate mental activity we use to store and retain info |
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Term
|
Definition
| improved ability to think about own thinking and knowledge |
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Term
| Cognitive Self Regulation |
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Definition
| the process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts |
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Term
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Definition
Sternbers Triarchic theory of intelligence
-identifies three broad, interacting intelligences (1) analytical intelligence, orinformation processing skills (2) creative intelligence, the capcity to solve novel problems; and (3) practical intellgence application of intellectual skils in everyday situations. Intellgient behavior involves balancing all three intelligences to achieve success in life according to one's personal goals and teh requiremtns of one's cultural community |
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Term
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Definition
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
-defines intelligence in terms of distinct sets of processing operations that permit individuals to engage in a wide range of culturally valued activites. Dismissing the diea of general intelligence, Gardenr proposes at least eight independent intelligences |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple Forces: verbal reasoning quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning, short-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
has experience and cultural biased,
-not designed to test the overall intelligence int he owrld
-do not sample all human activites
just predictor of school success |
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Term
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Definition
| the fear of being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype which can trigger anxiety that interferes with performance |
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Term
| differences in school attitudes, expectations, and attributions between Japan/Taiwan and the U.S. |
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Definition
Japan and taiwan deveoted more economic resources to education
Beliefs about keys to academic success-effort seen as key in Asian countries vs. ability seen as key in US |
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Term
| dynamics of bilingual development and education |
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Definition
sensitive period for second language
-harder with age
-bilinguals do better on tests of selective attetnions and analytical reasoning
-Emmerision works in canada
-book suggest bilingual teaching |
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Term
| psychosocial conflict of industry vs. inferiority |
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Definition
Industry- a sense of confidence at useful skills and tasks and willingness to achieve to the best of one's ability
-fostered by adult's expectations and chn's drive towards mastery
Inferiority- having a sense of yourself as inferior incompetent will never be good at anything |
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Term
| 3 changes in self-concept |
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Definition
1. Emphasize traits and competencies in self-descriptions
-Combine expectations and behaviors into stable psychological dispositions
-Start out bold and global and gradually become more nuanced
2. Begin to make social comparisons
3. Become better at reading the messages received from others and it incorporating these into self descriptions |
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Term
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Definition
1. Becomes Hierarchal (academics, physical, social appearance. More defined with age
2. Middle Childhood self-esteem drops and then rises |
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Term
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Definition
a group of two or more people of similar status who interact with each other and share norms and goals
-most interactions with peer occur in them |
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Term
|
Definition
Relatively Stable,
-Offer soicablitly and sense of belonging
- Help shape definition of self-help, oppurtunties for learning and practicing goals
-cooperation,competition, leaderships, loyalty |
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Term
|
Definition
Relatively Stable,
-Offer soicablitly and sense of belonging
- Help shape definition of self-help, oppurtunties for learning and practicing goals
-cooperation,competition, leaderships, loyalty |
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Term
| friendships change from preschool years to middle childhood |
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Definition
-Become more selective, friends are similar to self
-More complex characteristics
-Mutual loyalty, and trust, importance of emotional commitment
-Remain stable over middle childhood |
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Term
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Definition
| Self report measures that ask peers to evaluate one another's likability |
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Term
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Definition
Many Pop votes, few liked least
Pop. Prosocial- good interpersonal skills and kind considerate, self confident, friendly
-Pop-antisocial- socially adept, but belligerent or mean |
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Term
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Definition
| Actively disliked, High Liked Least few Liked Most |
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Term
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Definition
High Liked Least, High Liked Most
Disruptive but do engage in some positive and pro social acts
-Often have good sense of humor (class clown) |
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Term
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Definition
Low Liked Least, Low Liked Most
-Usually uninvolved, approach peers less, appear shy
-Usually well adjusted, have average social skills |
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Term
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Definition
| 1/3 like and disliked by some classmates but lack intensity |
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Term
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Definition
High rates of conflicts, and inattentive and impulsive behavior
-Deficient in social understanding |
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Term
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Definition
Passive socially awkward, timid, may "act like baby"
-Negative expectations of how peers will treat them
-At risk for bullies |
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Term
| Negative consequences of rejected status |
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Definition
-Short term= poor school attitudes and performance
-Long term= delinquency, school drop-out and possibly psychopathology (e.g. depression) |
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Term
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Definition
-instances of intentionally negative actions being directed at a specific person
1/5 Chn Bullied, 1/10 are bullies
Multiple forms-verbal physical, psycho
and direct or indirect |
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Term
| Characteristics of Bullies |
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Definition
Highly aggressive-tend to be nooncompliant across several domains and settings
-anti-social, break rules
-proactive aggressors
-try to dominate others
-little empathy |
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Term
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Definition
(most common)
-Rarely fight back
-Physically slight or weak
-Anxious, insecure, quiet, scared low self esteem
-Loner |
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Term
| Aggressive/Provocative Victims |
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Definition
-Aggressive like bullies, attempt to fight back
-Reactive aggression, hot tempered, irritate and tease others
-Not popular |
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Term
| parenting and discipline change in middle childhood |
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Definition
-Relationships still powerful influences
-Focus on coregulation
-Shaping and enforcing "good" and moral behaviors
-Goal is Internalizations |
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Term
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Definition
| a transitional form of supervision in which parents generally oversee while permitting chn to make moment-by-moment decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| shift from externally controlled response to behavior that is controlled inter standards and prompts? |
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Term
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Definition
| Impact is worse for younger children who blame themselves. Girls cry boys act out. Custody afterwards also has affects |
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Term
| 4 steps to attachment development |
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Definition
1. Preattachemnt phase (brith to 6 weeks)- children's smile, grabbing and staring bring them into contact with others
2."Attachment-in-the-making" phase (6wks-6-8mnths) act different to their caregiver (Sense of trust)
3. "Clear-cut" attachment phase (6-8mnths -18-24mnths) Separtion anxiety develops along withs secure base
4. Formation of a reciprocal relationship- seperation protest declines and better understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| becoming upset when the adult whom they have to rely on leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| babies use familiar caregiver as a point which to explore, venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional support |
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Term
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Definition
| set of expectations about the availabilty of attachment figures and their likelihood of provding support during times of stress. The internal working model becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close realationships. |
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Term
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Definition
-An observational measure of the quality of attachment between 1 & 2 years of age
-Involves short separation from and reunions w/parent
-Gives cues about use of parents' presence in soothing child upon reunion |
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Term
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Definition
| (65%) easily comforted upon reunion |
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Term
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Definition
(20%) avoidance at reunion
Mom is overstimulating, intrusive care |
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Term
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Definition
(10-15%) angry, resistant behavior at reunion: often cannot be easily comforted
Mom is inconsistent care; unpredictable |
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Term
| Disorganized/disoriented attachment |
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Definition
(5-10%)- confused and contradictory behaviors
Mom tend to have experienced loss, or have sever adjustment difficulties. Often abusive or neglectful |
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Term
| Caregiving Factors predicting Secure Attachment |
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Definition
-Prompt response to infant signals
-Expression of positive emotion and affection
-Tender and careful handling |
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Term
| Caregiving Factors Predicting Insecure attachments |
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Definition
-Dislikes physical contact
-Handle infants awkwardly/harshly
-Behaves insensitively when meeting infants needs
-Interacts in angry or irritable manor |
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Term
| differences in nature of father-infant and mother-infant interactions |
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Definition
-Fathers spend less time with infants
-Fathers spend more time in playful interactions-Dad's as playmates |
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Term
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Definition
Independent of Infant mother attachment
Secure attachement predicted positively by
-Degree of positive interaction
-Attitudes about infant prenatal role
-Time with infant |
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Term
| Impact of early attachment on later life |
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Definition
| Secure attached- better social and emotional development. Easier to develop good relationships |
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Term
| debate about attachment security and infant day care |
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Definition
| Low quality child care can contribute to insecure attachment but quality child care does not necessarily. |
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Term
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Definition
| Between age 2 and 6, the brain increases from 70% of its adult weight to 90 percent. Preschoolers improve a wide variety of skills-physical, perception, attention, memory, language, logical thinking, and imagination |
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Term
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Definition
| left or right, reflects the greater capacity of one side of the brain, referred to as dominant cerebral hemisphere |
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Term
| Piaget’s pre-operational stage |
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Definition
Principal Achievement is developing capacity to represent the external world internally through the use of symbols
-Free children from here and now boundaries
-cause and effect
-theory of mind |
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Term
|
Definition
| development of representation in early childhood. Young children practice and strengthen newly acquired representational schemes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| mental actions that obey logical rules |
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Term
|
Definition
| a fundamental problem= knowledge that basic physical dimensions remain the same despite superficial changes in appearance |
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Term
| Piaget’s 8 limitations of preschool thought |
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Definition
1. Egocentrism
2. Reasoning is perception bound
3. Thinking is characterized by Centration
4.Trouble with Reversibility
5.Tend to focus on states, rather than transformation
6. Not yet attained Identity Costancy
7.Exhibit Transductive reasoning
8. DIfficulty wiht Hierarchal classifications |
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Term
| Egocentrism and Animistic thinking |
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Definition
inability to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one's own
Responsible for Animistic Thinking- belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities |
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Term
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Definition
| Focused on one aspect of a stimulus to the neglect of other important features |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem, then reverse direction, returning to the starting point |
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Term
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Definition
| Realization that some qualitative characteristics of individuals are permanent, despite changes in outward appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| Reasoning for one particular event to another particular event, whether or not there is a logical causal relationship |
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Term
| Hierarchal Classification |
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Definition
| The organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarity and differences between the groups |
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Term
| Four concerns with Piaget’s methodologies and conclusions |
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Definition
1. Focused too much on limitation, ignored fragile competence
2.Relied to much on ability to give verbal explanations
3.Tasks contained unfamiliar elements
4. Ambiguous question phrasing; repeated questions |
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Term
|
Definition
Coherent set of ideas about mental activities
Rudiment of logical operation appear before onset of concrete stage |
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Term
| Vygotsky’s perspectives on learning |
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Definition
Preschoolers talk to themselves help them learn
Private speech- self directed speech, not called egocentrism |
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Term
| Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding |
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Definition
Zone or P. Develop- range of tasks too difficult for the child to do alone but possible with the help of adults and more skilled peers
Scaffolding- adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance |
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Term
Language Development
Fast Mapping |
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Definition
2-6 achievements and mistakes reveal rule-oriented approach
Fast Mapping- children connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter |
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Term
|
Definition
| children assume all words refer to entirely separate categories. |
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Term
| psychosocial conflict of preschooler - initiative vs. guilt |
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Definition
| children have a new sense of purposefulness. Eager to tackle new tasks, join in activities , parents who chastise and punish too much lead to guilt |
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