"Give me a dozen healthy infants...guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist"

Person

nativist - much of development biologically based and blueprint exists from birth

Person

stress the role of subconscious conflicts in development of functioning and personality

term/person

children are actively involved in their development - constructing knowledge of the world through their experiences with environment

term/person

compare groups of subjects at different ages

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compare specific group of people over extended period of time

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attempts to collate facts about a particular child and his/her environment in order to gain a better perspective

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hypothesized existence of basic unit of heredity, the gene

person

each specific trait is controlled by alternative form of a gene, and each variation is represented by either a dominant or recessive one (two per gene)

term/person

total genetic makeup of individual

term

total collection of expressed traits that is individual's observable characteristics

term

where genes are located - 23 pairs, 46 in all

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cell containing chromosomes in pairs

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egg and sperm cells

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cell containing 23 single chromosomes

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studied inheritance of maze-running ability in rats - mated "maze-bright" rats and "maze-dull" rats over generations which greatly spread the two groups - but only for that one type of maze

person

assume MZ twins and DZ twins share environment to same degree, and that any differences in their similarities are due to genetics

term

study compared group of children with high IQs with groups of children typical of general population to discover similarities and differences - first to focus on gifted children, and large-scal longitudinal study

person

extra 21st chromosome - leads to genetic retardation - likelihood increased with older parents

term

degenerative disease of nervous system - enzyme needed to digest certain amino acid is lackuing - first genetic disease which could be tested in large populations

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male sex chromosome abnormality - XXY - leads to sterility and mental retardation

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female sex chromosome abnormality - only one X chromosome - failure to develop secondary sex traits and physical abnormalities of short fingers and unusually shaped mouths

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gametes combine to form single cell

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during this stage, cellular mass travels down fallopian tube into uterus where it implants - lasts two weeks from conception

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during this stage embryo increases in size by 20,000 times - lasts from 2-10 weeks after conception - embryo grows to 1 inch long and begins developing human appearance

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marked by beginning of measurable electrical activity in brain - takes place during third month

term

infants automatically turn their heads in direction of stimuli applied to cheek

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infants react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out their arms, extending their fingers, bringing their arms back to their body and then hugging themselves

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infants' toes automatically spread apart when the soles of their feet are stimulated

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infants automatically close their fingers around objects placed in their hands

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infants learn from interacting with the environment through reflexive behaviors - the organized patterns of thoughts or behavior are called

term/person

made up of assimilation and accomodation

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the process of interpreting new information in terms of existing schemata

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when new information doesn't really fit into existing schemata; the process of modifying existing schemata to adapt to new information

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sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

person

primary and secondary circular reactions; object permanance develops

stage/age

child begins to make mental representations of external objects and events, such as object permanance and centration - beginning of representational thought - characterized by egocentrism  - no concept of conservation

stage/age

child masters conservation and perspective taking

stage/age

thinking like a scientist/think logically about abstract ideas

stage/age

infant begins to coordinate separate aspects of movement, restricted to motions concerned with the body - advent of goal-oriented behavior

term/stage

infant coordinates separate aspects of movement directed towards the manipulation of objects in the environment

term/stage

child realizes that objects continue to exist even though object cannot be perceived

term/stage

tendency to be able to focus on only 1 aspect of a phenomenon

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being unable to take the perspective of another

term/stage

physical properties of matter do not change simply because the appearance changes

term/stage

engine driving development is child's internalization of various aspects of culture, such as rules, symbols, language - as these are internalized, child's cognitive activity develops accordingly

person

skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development - tested by seeing which tasks child cannot do alone but can do with guidance from an adult

term/person

study that onset of babbling is same age for hearing babies with hearing parents, hearing babies with deaf parents, and deaf children - but for hearing children babbling continues and for deaf children ends quickly

3 people

study that deaf children with parents using sign language babble with their hands

2 people

overregulation of language - actively applying a dynamic internalized set of linguistic rules even for words that violate the rules

term

syntactic transformations/changes in word order that differ with meaning - children learn to make such transformations at an early age

term/person

innate capacity for language acquisition which is triggered by exposure to language

term/person

libidinal energy centered on the mouth; fixation can lead to excessive dependency

stage/age

toilet training occurs and is source of gratification; fixation can lead to excessive orderliness or messiness

stage/age

Oedipal/Electra conflict resolved; libidinal energy is de-eroticized

stage/age

libido is largely sublimated

stage/age

if previous stages have been successfully resolved, person enters into normal heterosexual relations

stage/age

male child envies father's intimate relationship with mother and fears castration at father's hands - wishes to eliminate father/possess mother but feels guilt - resolved by identifying with father/establishing sexual identity/internalizing moral values

term/person

penis envy - causes girls to be less sex-typed and less morally developed

term/person

development is sequence of central life crises - occurs through resolution of conflicts between needs and social demands

person

if resolved successfully, child comes to trust environment and self - if unsuccessful, child is suspicious of world

stage/age

if resolved, feeling of will and ability to exercise choice and self-restraint; sense of autonomy/competence - if not, sense of doubt/lack of control

stage/age

if resolved, sense of purpose, ability to initiate activities, ability to enjoy accomplishment - if not, overcome by fear of punishment so either unduly restricts self or overcompensates by showing off

stage/age

if resolved, competence, ability to affect world in intended way, exercise abilities in world - if not, sense of inadequacy, low self-esteem, sense of inability to act competently

stage/age

if resolved, fidelity (ability to see self as unique and integrated person with sustained loyalties) - if not, identity confusion and amorphous personality

stage/age

if resolved, love, intimate relationships, committment - if not, avoidance of committment, alienation from others and ideals

stage/age

if resolved, productive contributing individual - if not, sense of stagnation, boredom, and self-centeredness

stage/age

if resolved, wisdom, dignity, acceptance of death - if not, bitterness about life, fear over death

stage/age

longitudinal study to examine temperament - proposed three categories of infant behavioral style, easy, slow to warm up, and difficult

two people

using spectograms, identified three distinct patterns of crying: basic cry (for hunger), angry cry (for frustration), and pain cry - all adults react with heart-rate accelerations following pain cries

person

studied baby Rhesus monkeys - newborn monkeys separated from mothers prefer snuggly surrogate to feeding surrogate (contact comfort) - wire surrogates led to worse social skills for adoptees - also discovered therapist monkeys

person

studied children brought up in institutions with limited bodily contact - they were timid and asocial

person

several phases of attachment - pre-attachment, reacts the same to all adults - by three months, discriminates between familiar and un faces - by six months responds specifically to mother - from 9-12 months, infant develops stanger anxiety - in second year, separation anxiety - in third year, separation anxiety gone

person

not distressed when with stranger, avoid mother on return

term/person

midly distressed during separations from mother but greet positively on return

term/person

distressed during separation, resist physical contact with mother on return

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studied imprinting with jackdaw birds - imprinting takes place during critical period

person

use punitive control methods and lack emotional warmth

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high demands for child compliance, low on punitive measures, utilize positive reinforcement, high on emotional warmth

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score low on control/demand measures

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test to determine moral level of individual using series of hypothetical moral dilemmas

person

asserts that males and females have different perspectives on moral issues due to way they are raised - women adopt interpersonal orientation

person

as soon as children are able to label themselves, they begin concentrating on those behaviors associated with their gender, and pay less attention to those they believe are of opposite gender

term/person

children achieve gender identity and can also label gender of others

term/person/age

period when children can predict they will still be boy or girl when they grow up, but this is dependent on physical notion of gender

term/person/age

children understand permanence of gender, regardless of what one wears or how one behaves

term/person/age

first moral phase - first stage is punishment/obedience, second is orientation towards reciprocity (instrumental relativist stage)

stage/person

second phase - first stage, good girl/nice boy orientation; second stage law and order orientation

stage/person

phase three - first stage social contract orientation; second stage universal ethical principles

stage/person