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Definition
| The mulitdisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time. |
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| The degree to which genetic or hereditary influences (nature) and experiential or environmental influences (nurture) detrtmine the kind of person you are. |
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| Continuity-Discontinuity Issue |
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| Whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression throughout the life span (continuity) or a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuity). |
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| Univeral Versus Context-Specific Development Issue |
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Definition
| Whether there is just one path of development or several paths. |
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| Biopsychosocial Framework |
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| A useful way to organize the biological, and sociocultural forces on human development. |
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| An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development. |
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| Theories proposing that development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts that they face at different ages. |
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| Erikson's proposal that personality development is determined by the interaction of an internal maturational plan and external societal demands. |
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| In Erikson's theory, the idea that each psychosocial strength has its own special period of particular importance. |
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| Learning paradigm in which the consequences of a behavior determine whether a behavior is repeated in the future. |
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| A consequence that increases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows. |
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| A consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows. |
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| Imitation or Observational Learning |
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Definition
| Learning that occurs by simply watching how others behave. |
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| People's beliefs about their own abilities and talents. |
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| Information Processing Theory |
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Definition
| Theory proposong that human cognition consists of mental hardware and mental software. |
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| Theory based on idea that human development is inseparable from the environmental contexts in which a person develops. |
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| The people and objects in an individual's immediate environment. |
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| Provides connections across microsystems. |
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| Social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development. |
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| The cultures and subcultures in which the microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded. |
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Definition
| View that human development is multiply determined and cannot be understood within the scope of a single framework. |
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| Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC) Model |
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Definition
| Model in which three processes (selection, optimization, and compensation) form a system of behavioral action that generates and regulates development and aging. |
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| Description of how various generations experience the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces of development in their respective historical contexts. |
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Definition
| Watching people and carefully recording what they do or say. |
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Definition
| Technique in which a researcher creates a setting that is likely to elicit the behavior of interest. |
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| Technique in which people are observed as they behave spontaneously in some real life situation. |
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| People's answers to questions about the topic of interest |
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| Extent to which a measure provides a consistent index of a characteristic |
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Definition
| Extent to which a measure actually assesses what researchers things it does |
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| Broad groups of people that are of interest to researchers |
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| Investigation looking at relations between variables as they exist naturally in the world. |
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| An expression of the strength and direction of a relation between two variables. |
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| A systematic way of manipulating the key factor(s) that the investigator thinks causes a particular behavior. |
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Definition
| the factor being manipulated |
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| the behavior being observed |
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| Method that involves gaining in-dpeth understanding of human behavior and what governs it. |
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| Longitudinal study research design in which the same individuals are observed or tested repeatedly at different points in their lives. |
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Definition
| A special type of logitudinal design in which participants are tested repeatedly over a span of days or weeks, typically with the aim of observing change directly as it occurs. |
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Definition
| Study in which developmental differences are identified by testing people of different ages. |
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Definition
| problem with cross-sectional designs in which differences between age groups (cohorts) may result as easily from environmental events as from developmental processes. |
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| Developmental research design based on cross=sectional and logitudinal designs. |
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Definition
| A tool that enables researchers to synthesize the results of many studies to estimare relations between variables. |
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| What are the recurring issues in Human Development? |
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Definition
- Nature vs. Nurture
- Continuity vs Discontinuity
- Universal vs. Context-Specific Developement
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