Term
| What best describes the focus of the study of human development |
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Definition
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Term
| Studies on teh "wild boy of Avignon" hoped to investigate and find answers to developmental questions such as: |
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Definition
Are the Qualities, behaviors, and ideas that define each human acquired, inborn, or both?
Is social contact important to child development?
Can the lack of social contact be overcome?
All of these! |
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Term
| The lifespan has almost doubled during the past century. Social reconstruction has resulted in the increase in length of what developmental stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Elane gains 14 pounds between teh ages of 12 &13. This is an example of: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| interacts with cognitive, personality, and social development at all ages |
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Term
| According to the text, which of the following is not one of the major divisions of the life-span? |
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Definition
prenatal
Infancy and toddlerhood
late adulthood
senescense--this one |
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Term
| During which developmental period do most people finish their formal education, become independent and start families and careers |
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Definition
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Term
| the concept of individual differences implies that: |
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Definition
| rates of development may vary from the average or typical |
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Term
| Which of the following statements about hereditary and environmental influences on development is true? |
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Definition
INternal influences are more important
external influences are more imporant
Internal and external influences interact and often cannot be separated.---THIS ONE!
INternal and external influences are independent and can be readily separated. |
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Term
| A child born today in Iraq will have different experiences than children born in the US or Mexico. These experiences will impact the course of development for these children because they develop within a unique |
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Definition
| social and historical context |
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Term
| Socio-economic status is determined by all of the following except |
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Definition
ethnicity--this one
income
education
occupation |
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Term
| An event that is experienced in a similar way by most people in a group is called a ______influence. |
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Definition
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Term
| A good theory suggests_____to be tested by research |
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Definition
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Term
| Inborn traits inherited from biological parents are to____; as environmental influences before and after birth are to_____. |
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Definition
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Term
| That children change the world and the world influences the child's development suggests that development is |
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Definition
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Term
| Freud's psychosexual stages, Erikson's psychosocial stages, and Piaget's cognitive stages are considered |
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Definition
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Term
| a therapeutic approach is aimed at giving patients insight into their unconscious conflicts is called |
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Definition
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Term
| The proper order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development is |
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Definition
| oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital |
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Term
| As an adult, Alexandra spends considerable time each day cleaning her apartment, arranging her socks in a drawer until they are just so, and making schedules on a calendar. According to Freud, Alexandra is probably fixated in the |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Freud, the part of the personality that operates on the "reality principle" (realistically finding ways to obtain gratification) is the |
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Definition
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Term
| Julia, a rather demonstrative seven-year old, hits her brother for laughing at her, and feels guilty about it afterward. According to Freud, these feelings reflect the operation of the |
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Definition
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Term
| Each of Erikson's stages involved a major developmental issue that is particularly important at that time, which he called a |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the first stage of development, that occurs during infancy is |
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Definition
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Term
| Behaviorists are most concerned with |
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Definition
| measurable, observable behaviors |
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Term
| one of the earliest and most famous examples of classical conditioning in human development was done by______with Little Albert |
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Definition
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Term
| A zygote is created when a sperm and an egg combine in the fallopian tube to form a single cell. THis process is referred to as |
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Definition
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Term
| Twins formed by the fertilization of two ova by two sperm are |
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Definition
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Term
| tasha has just given birth to healthy twins. One of the twins has an x and y chromosome, while the other has 2 x chromosomes. these twins are: |
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Definition
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Term
| The human genome project was established to |
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Definition
| map the precise order in which genes are expressed or activated |
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Term
| Within each cell nucleus are these coils of DNA called |
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Definition
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Term
| How many pairs of chromosomes does the normal human being have? |
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Definition
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Term
| When tall homozygous pea plants are crossbred with homozygous short pea plants, the resulting hybrids are tall; but in the next generation, one out of the four plants in short. This experiment demonstrates Mendel's law of |
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Definition
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Term
| A person's observable characteristics are his or her |
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Definition
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Term
| Marsha's nickname as a child was "shirley temple" because of her curly hair. Although her hair is curly, she carries a gene for straight hair. Her phenotype is |
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Definition
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Term
| Thomas suffers from a sex-linked blood-clotting disorder called Hemophilia that is transmitted by a recessive gene. Neither his mother nor his father has ever shown symptoms of this disease. What can we conclude about the genetic makeup of John's parents |
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Definition
| The mother is a carrier for hemophilia, while the father does not have the gene. |
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Term
| The most frequently stated cause for Down syndrome is |
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Definition
| an accident in the chromosome distribution |
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Term
| While some simple physical characteristics like eye color are clearly inherited, more complex traits like intelligence seem to be due |
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Definition
| to an interaction between nature and nurture |
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Term
| For a chiefly hereditary trait |
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Definition
| identical twins would show more concordance than fraternal twins |
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Term
| the first stage of childbirth |
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Definition
| consists of dilation or widening of the cervix |
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Term
| The placenta is expelled from the mother's body during the _______stage of childbirth |
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Definition
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Term
| While fewer cesarean births are often encouraged, for women who have previously had a cesarean birth the risk of future vaginal births would include all of the following except |
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Definition
uterine rupture
Increased risk of death to the infant during delivery
fewer foceps and suction deliveries----THIS ONE
unsuccessful labor which will later on will still undergo c-births |
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Term
| Natural childbirth or prepared childbirth can maximize the need for |
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Definition
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Term
| The oily covering on the skin of a newborn is |
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Definition
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Term
| when micah first sees his newborn daughter, he is surprised to find her body covered with dark hair. This fuzzy coat is called |
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Definition
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Term
| based on research cited in the text, a criticism of medicated births is that |
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Definition
| babies' motor responsiveness and development way be slowed |
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Term
| in 1914 a british physician Dr. Grantby Dick-Read, suggested that pain in childbirth was caused mostly by______. To eliminate this, he advocated natural childbirth |
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Definition
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Term
| Prepared childbirth teaches breathing and muscle responses in order to |
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Definition
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Term
| places in teh neonate's skull where teh bones are not completely fused are called the |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following statements about newborns is correct |
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Definition
newborns normally do not begin to breath until 2-3 minutes after birth.
newborns are covered with a protective film called meconium
newborns possess a strong sucking reflex--THIS ONE
newborns have a slow regular heart beat |
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Term
| Since the infant's lungs have only one-tenth as many air sacs as adult's do, they are susceptible to______problems |
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Definition
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Term
| Nonorganic failure to thrive is the result of |
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Definition
| the emotional neglect of a newborn |
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Term
| Which of the following emotions is not yet present in the 8-month old infant |
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Definition
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Term
| two week-old jamie is lying quietly. Suddenly she utters a loud, piercing cry and holds her breath. She is probably |
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Definition
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Term
| According to research cited in your text, what is the best way to respond to an infant's crying? |
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Definition
| Respond regularly with tender, soothing care. |
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Term
| Self-awareness usually emerges by about what age? |
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Definition
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Term
| Irritability, irregular rhythms, and intense reactions are characteristic of which kind of temperament? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chao-Yi is suspicious of strangers, has frequent tantrums, has an irrecular pattern of waking and sleeping, and laughs and cries loudly. Which kind of temperament does she have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Both willy and bernice have spent their lives being short tempered and spend a great deal of time together apologizing for their thoughtlessness. WHich of the following statements about temperament might be alarming to these new parents? |
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Definition
| temperament appears to be largely determined by genetics |
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Term
| maria's temperament may create disadvantages for her as she grows up. In western countries, shy inhibited children like Maria are seen as having all but which characteristic? |
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Definition
incompetence
immaturity
unlikely to achieve much
retardation----THIS ONE |
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Term
| Harlow and Harlow's work with infant monkeys showed that the infants were most interested in _____from surrogate mothers. |
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Definition
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Term
| similar to phenomenon called imprinting in ducks, the process in humans is called |
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Definition
| attachment....ask michael |
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Term
| According to Erikson, a child who develops a predominance of basic trust will have the virtue of |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of hte following factors is not mentioned in teh textbook as being related to the incidence of obesity in early childhood |
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Definition
heredity
food intake
exercise
body type---THIS ONE |
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Term
| Gross motor coordination allows a child to |
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Definition
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Term
| according to the text, children are ususally not physically ready to participate in organized sports until they are |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following does not involve fine motor skill? |
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Definition
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Term
| most of the fatal accidents in early childhood that do not involve a motor vehicle occur at |
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Definition
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Term
| The proportion of children living in poverty in teh US is |
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Definition
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Term
| Three-year-old ben is pretending to build a birdhouse with some pieces of wood lying in the yard. Suddenly Ben says, I need a hammer to fix this, even when there is no hammer present. According to Piaget, Ben has entered the |
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Definition
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Term
| the symbolic function allows young children to |
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Definition
| refer to mental representations of objects they have seen before |
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Term
| when children repeat an action that they saw someone else perform at an earlier time, they are demonstrating |
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Definition
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Term
| at about the age of___, children are able to understand the relationship between pictures, maps, and scale models and the objects and spaces they represent |
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Definition
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Term
| Focusing on only one aspect of a situation and neglecting other is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Piaget concluded that young children come to illogical conclusions because they cannot______; think about several aspects of a situation at the same time |
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Definition
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Term
| According to research done on children's understanding of emotions, how do 4-year-olds feel about themselves if they do something that has been forbidden by their parents? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Erikson, which of the following is the central issue of early childhood? |
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Definition
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Term
| four-year-old marcie has decided that she would like to hide her little brother's toys in teh basement. However, she realizes her brother iwll cry, and she wonders if she will feel bad about this. According to Erikson, Marcie is experiencing the conflict of |
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Definition
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Term
| according to Erikson, a child who feels comfortable trying new things, without excessive guilt or fear is said to have acquired |
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Definition
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Term
| When personal self-esteem is__, a child is motivated to achieve |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| what it means to be male or female |
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Term
| Mike is becoming aware that he is a boy and that boys play with trucks and train. He is developing |
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Definition
| gender identity, a gender role, and gender-typing |
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Term
| Gender differences are believed to be influenced by |
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Definition
| hormones, parents, the media |
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Term
| Reserach has linked aggressive behavior in certain animals to prenatal exposure to the hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Freud, the adoption of the characteristics, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex is |
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Definition
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Term
| Jessica imitates her mother's gestures, speed, and behaviors. Which of the following terms describes this? |
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Definition
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Term
| Marilyn knows that she is a girl, and by watching what other girls do, she is learning how she is expected to behave. Which tehory would hold that gender-typing is acquired this way? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to teh text, rates of physical growth durign middle childhood are |
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Definition
| extremely variable across different regions |
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Term
| which of the following problems is associated with malnutrition during the early childhood |
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Definition
poor physical health
slowed intellectual development
emotional impariements |
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Term
| Rought-and-tumble paly peaks in |
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Definition
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Term
| what percentage of children under 18 are estimated to be blind or visually impaired? |
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Definition
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Term
| The most prevealent illness in childhood is? |
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Definition
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Term
| a 7-year-old is known to carry the HIV virus, but shows no symptoms. According to the text, how should this child be treated in school? |
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Definition
| no differently than others |
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Term
| According to Piaget, children enter which stage about the age of 7? |
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Definition
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Term
| Children in concrete operations show increased skill in al but which of hte following areas? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ability to arrange objects according to some dimension, such as largest to smallest, is called |
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Definition
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Term
| piaget viewed children's moral development as depending primarily on the emergence of |
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Definition
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Term
| classifying info for memory is called |
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Definition
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Term
| which memory strategy links items together in a story or scene? |
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Definition
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Term
| in the neo-piagetian scheme of self-concept development, the 3rd stage of develop. begins around 7 or 8 involves the ability to from |
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Definition
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Term
| Blake knows hat he sometimes loses his temper and gets angry at this friends. What aspect of self-definition is he developing? |
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Definition
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Term
| the self-concept is based on all but which of the following? |
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Definition
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Term
| A child with high self-esteem would |
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Definition
| risk making people angry if he or she feels strongly about something |
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Term
| a child with low self-esteem would |
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Definition
| worry about doing the right thing |
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Term
| control of negative emotions is a sign of |
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Definition
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Term
| Erikson's developmental crisis of middle childhood (fromabout 6-12) is |
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Definition
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Term
| children have typically internalized the emotions of prid and shame by |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following parental statements is most representative of the process of coregulation? |
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Definition
| please get your toys out of the neighbor's yard so that they can see what a big helper you are |
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Term
| Which of the following factors is not mentioned in your text regarding the impact of a mother's work outside the home? |
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Definition
| amoutn of income that is realized from work. |
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Term
| Generalizing from the text, which style of parenting is likely to be exhibited by people living in extreme poverty? |
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Definition
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Term
| Parents who feel that they have a lack of control over their own lives often exhibit certain behaviors with the children. Which of the following does not belong |
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Definition
they discipline consistently and harshly--THIS ONE
they ignore the child's good behavior
they focus a great deal of attention on teh child's negative behavior
their discipline is inconsisten and misdirected; |
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