Term
| What is Child Apraxia of Speech (CAS) |
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Definition
| a neurological childhood (pediatric) speech sound disorder, in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits (e.g., abnormal reflexes, abnormal tone) |
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Term
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Definition
| a collective term for a group of related motor speech disorders resulting from disturbed muscular control of the speech mechanism due to damage to the central or peripheral nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to conceptualize, plan, and program skilled volitional movement |
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Term
| What will children with CAS show in speech sound assessment? |
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Definition
Fewer vowels and less vowel differentiation
more inconsistency over repeated trials and more nondevelopmental types of errors |
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Term
| What is the purpose of an oral structural-functional exam? |
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Definition
| To determine or rule out the presence of nonverbal oral apraxia and dysarthria |
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Term
| What will children with CAS typically show in an oral structural-functional exam? |
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Definition
normal performance for range of motion, strength, speed, coordination, and the ability to vary muscular tension
Oral nonverbal apraxia is more likely to be seen in children with CAS |
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Term
| What is the purpose of Motor Speech Examination? |
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Definition
to examine the child's ability to sequence phonetic segments imitatively in various contexts
Allows clinician to make observations of features of speech praxis, e.g. vowel and consonant distortions, timing errors, dysprosody
Can use this to determine the degree to which motor-planning deficits may contribute to the child's difficulty with speech acquisition |
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Term
| What can cause dysarthria in children? |
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Definition
Cerebal Palsey
TBI
Neonatal stroke |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of dysarthria in children? |
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Definition
Slowed speech
Effortful speech due to breathing coordination difficulties
Impresise articulation
Slurred speech
Excessively quiet or loud voice, or a voice that varies erratically between the two
Difficulties regulating the pitch of the voice
Difficulties using appropriate intonation patterns to convey meaning
Some combination of hoarse voice quality, hypernasal voice quality or breathy voice quality |
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Term
| What would an SLT examine in dysarthria? |
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Definition
Respiratory function - client blows bubbles in water
Sustained phonation - five seconds with normal voice
Velopharyngeal function and resonance - use a listening tube to identify nasal emission/hypernasality
Comparison of resonance with nares occluded and open
Soft palate movement - /a a a/ quick and precise
Layrngeal function - clients coughs, listen for adequate vocal fold adduction
Diadochokinesis (DDK) - Compare production rates of /pa/, /ta/ and /ka/ sequences, and /pataka/ to developmental norms
Function of cranial nerves V (jaw), VII (face and lips), IX and X (pharynx and larynx)
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Term
| How is dysarthria in children managed? |
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Definition
Specific activities to improve speech intelligibility and voice
Look at the person they are talking with
Take a breath before speaking
Slow down
•Speak in short utterances, pausing deliberately between utterances
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Term
| What strategies could be recommended to family members to help a child with dysarthria? |
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Definition
Giving feedback when parts of utterances are unclear and providing feedback for communicative success;
Asking the individual with dysarthria to show their conversational partner what they want (when words are unintelligible)
Stopping and allowing time to listen attentively to the person with a dysarthria
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Term
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Definition
| Cerebral Palsy is considered a neurological disorder caused by a non-progressive brain injury or malformation that occurs while the child’s brain is under development. Cerebral Palsy primarily affects body movement and muscle coordination. |
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Term
| What causes cerebral palsy in the pre-natal period? |
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Definition
congenital infections
congenital malformation
radiation
nutritional deficiency
lack of oxygen |
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Term
| What can cause cerebral palsy in the perinatal period (28th day from gestation to 28th day after birth) |
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Definition
periventricular haemorrhage
birth asphyxia
birth trauma
hyperbilirubinaemia
venous stasis/thrombosis |
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Term
| What can cause Cerebral Pasly in the post-natal period? |
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Definition
meningitis
encephalitis
trauma
metabolic disorders
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Term
| What are the four types of Cerebral Palsy? |
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Definition
Spastic - Damage to brain mainly in corticospinal tracts, may produce dysartheric characteristics
Ataxic - produces Hyptonia, Tremor and Dysmetria
Dyskinetic - involuntary movement and reduced voluntary movements: three subtypes: athetosis; chorea and dystonia
Mixed |
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Term
| What additional difficulties may a child with cerebral palsy present with? |
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Definition
motoric movements of speech
sensory impairment
epilepsy
problems with cognitive development
oral motor disorder - difficulties with achieving lip closure, movement of articulators, controlling saliva |
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