Term
| Developmental Psychopathology |
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Definition
| devoted to studying the origins and cause of individual maladaptation in the context of normal growth processes |
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Term
| Psychological vulnerabilities specific to youth |
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Definition
- They do not have as complex and realistic a view of themselves and their world as they will have later
- They have less self-understanding
- They have not yet developed a stable sense of identity
- They have not yet developed a clear understanding of what is expected of them and what resources they might have to deal with problems |
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Term
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Definition
| bedwetting that is not organically caused |
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Term
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Definition
| children over 4 who have not learned appropriate toileting for bowel movements |
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Term
| Oppositional Defiant Disorder |
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Definition
| involves a recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures that persists for at least 6 months |
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Term
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Definition
| involves a persistent, repetitive violation of rules and a disregard for the rights of others |
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Term
| Treatment of Oppositional Defiant Disorder |
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Definition
-- Punitive treatments appear to intensify rather than correct behavior
-- Effective treatments tend to focus on
- The cohesive family model
- Behavioral techniques (Token Economy: redirect rewards for good behavior and resist the intrinsic rewards of acting out) |
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Term
| Treatment of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder |
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Definition
- Behavior therapy (Intervention Strategy: uses a reinforcement strategy to increase the likelihood of target behaviors, rather than a punishment strategy to eliminate inappropriate behaviors)
– Social and token reinforcement
- Social Reinforcement (“Catching the child being good” and “Catch ‘em before getting bad” – prudent negative consequences)
- Family therapy: focuses on how the family reacts to the child
- Parent Training: The A-B-C’s, how to use reinforcement
- Medications (such as Ritalin, Pemoline, and Strattera) |
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Term
| Neurotransmitter associated with ADHD |
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Definition
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Term
| Prevalence and Causes of ADHD |
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Definition
-- 6.8% of children ages 6-11 in USA (Pastor & Reuben, 2002)
- 2.9% Combined type
- 3.2% inattentive/Disorganized Type
- .06% Hyperactive-Impulsive Type
-- Across all subtypes, studies suggest 6-7% in US, and 5% worldwide…HOWEVER…
- Male to female ratio: 2.5:1; drops to 1.6:1 by adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| the precise causes of autism are unknown; most investigators agree that a fundamental disturbance of the central nervous system is involved |
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Term
| Characteristic Symptoms of Autism |
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Definition
- Qualitative impairment in social interaction
- Qualitative impairments in communication
- Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities
- Delays or abnormal functioning in at least one of the following areas (prior to age 3): social interaction, language, symbolic/imaginative play |
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Term
| Age of obvious symptom expression in Autism |
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Definition
- 6 mo.: fewer behavioral symptoms/lower activity level
- 8-10 mo.: failure to respond to name
- 12 mo: more frequent and intense reactions to distress, and ↓ orienting when called by name, ↓ time spent looking at faces of others, ↓ social interest, ↓ social smiling, ↓ imitation, ↓ visual attention
- 14 mo.: ↓ gross and fine motor skills, ↓ receptive and expressive language, ↓ overall IQ
- 24 mo.: ↓ sharing experiences, interests, and attention with others by pointing or showing objects |
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Term
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Definition
- Face and language processing difficulties (i.e. social difficulties)
- Social interaction is found less inherently rewarding
- Prefer mechanical sounds to speech
- Don’t attend to social stimuli, thus don’t tag it as relevant (Less complex behaviors) |
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Term
| Main treatment paradigm of Autism |
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Definition
-- It has not been possible to “normalize” the behavior of autistic children through treatment
-- Primarily use social skills training to address symptoms of Autism
-- Interventions should include:
- Focus on imitation, language, toy play, and social interaction
- Supportive teaching strategies
- Behavioral strategies for reducing interfering behaviors
- Involve parents
- Gradual transition to more natural environments
- Review mechanisms
- Intensive delivery of treatment (25 hours/week for 2 years)
- Initiation by age 2-4 |
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Term
| Main difference between Autism and Asperger's |
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Definition
| Asperger’s is similar to autism, but appears later and lacks severe delay in language development and social interactions |
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Term
| Relationship between Autism and Mental Retardation |
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Definition
| females with autism are more likely to have mental retardation |
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Term
| What you need to keep in mind when treating children's disorders |
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Definition
- The child’s inability to seek assistance
- Vulnerabilities that place children at risk
- Need for treating parents as well as children
- Using parents as change agents
- Problems with placement outside family
- Intervening before problems become acute |
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Term
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Definition
| significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning…that is accompanied by significant limitations in adaptive functioning |
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Term
| Possible causes of Mental Retardation |
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Definition
- Genetic-chromosomal factors
- Infections and toxic agents
- Trauma (physical injury)
- Ionizing radiation
- Malnutrition and other biological factors |
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