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the basic unit of genetic information |
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| the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present |
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| a trait within an organism that is present, but is not expressed |
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| the study of the effects of heredity on behavior and psychological characteristics |
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| a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair; once referred to as mongolism |
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| a disorder produced by injury to a gene on the x chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation |
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| a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red blood cells in those who have it |
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| a disorder that produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death; there is no treatment |
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| a disorder resulting from the presence of an extra x chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts |
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| the discipline that focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders |
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| a process in which high-frequency sound waves scan the mother's womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size and shape can the be assessed |
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| chorionic villus sampling(cvs) |
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Definition
| a test used to find genetic defexts that involves taking samples of hairlike material that surrounds the embryo |
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Definition
| the process of identifying genetice defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus |
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Definition
| patterns of arousal and emotionality that represents consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual |
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| multifactorial transmission |
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Definition
| the determination of traits by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors in which a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed |
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Definition
| the process by which a sperm and an ovum-- the male and female gametes, respectively-- join to form a single new cell |
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| the first--and shortest--stage of the prenatal period, which takes place during the first 2 weeks following conception |
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| a conduit between the mother and fetus, providing nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord |
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| the period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization during ehich significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems |
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| the stage that begins at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth |
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| a developing child, from 8 weeks after conception until birth |
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| a factor that produces a birth defect |
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| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
| a disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child |
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| fetal alcohol effects (FAE) |
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Definition
| a condition in which children display some, although not all, of the problems of fetal alcohol syndrome due to the mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy |
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| the term used for newborns |
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| a standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns |
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| a restriction of oxygen to the baby, lasting a few minutes during the birth process, which can produce brain damage |
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Definition
| close physical and emotional contact between parent and child during the period immediately following birth, argued by some to affect later relationship strength |
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| infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception (a.k.a. premature infants) |
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| infants who weigh less than 2,500 grams (around 5.5 pounds) at birth |
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| infants still unborn 2 weeks after the mother's due date |
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| a device that measures the baby's heartbeat during labor |
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| the delivery of a child who is not alive, occuring in less that 1 delivery in 100 |
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Definition
| unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli |
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Definition
| a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response |
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Definition
| a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences |
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| the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus |
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| different degrees of sleep and wakefulness through which newborns cycle, ranging from deep sleep to great agitation |
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| the principle that groth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body |
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| the principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward |
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| principle of hierarchical integration |
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Definition
| the principle that simple skills typically develop separetely and independently, but are later integrated into more complex skills |
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| principle of the independence of systems |
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| the principle that different body systems grow at different rates |
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| the basic cell of the nervous system |
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Definition
| the gap at the connection between neurons, through which neurons chemically communicate with one another |
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Definition
| a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of the nerve impulses |
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| the upper layer of the brain |
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| the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience |
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| repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior |
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| the degree of awarenes that an infant displays to both internal and external stimulation |
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Definition
| the period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and in associated with dreaming |
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| sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) |
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Definition
| the unexplained death while sleeping of a seemingly healthy baby |
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Definition
| unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli |
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| nonorganic failure to thrive |
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Definition
| a disorder in which infants stop growing due to lack of stimulation and attention as the result of inadequate parenting |
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Definition
| the physical stimulation of the sense organs |
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Definition
| the sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain |
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| multimodal approach to perception |
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Definition
| the approach that considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated |
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| Sensorimotor stage (of cognitive development) |
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Definition
| Piaget's initial major stage of cognitive development, which can be broken down into six substages |
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Definition
| the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen |
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| an internal image of a past event or object |
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| an act in which a person who is no longer present is imitated by children who have witnessed a similar act |
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| information processing approaches |
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Definition
| the model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use and store information |
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Definition
| the process by which information is initially recorded, stored, and retrieved |
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Definition
| an overall developmental score that relates to performance in four domains; motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, and personal-social |
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| bayley scales of infant development |
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Definition
| a measure that evaluates an infant's development from 2 to 42 months |
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Definition
| the systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication |
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| making speechlike but meaningless sounds |
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| a style of language use in which language is used primarily to label objects |
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| a style of language use in which language is used primarily to express feelings and needs about oneself and others |
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Definition
| the theory that language acquistion follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning |
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| the theory that a a genetically determinded, innate mechanism directs language development |
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| a type of speech directed toward infants, characterized by short, simple sentences |
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| the caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamilar person |
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| the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs |
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| smiling in response to other individuals |
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| an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person |
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Definition
| the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual |
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| ainsworth strange situation |
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Definition
| a sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between child and (typically) his or her mother |
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Term
| secure attachment pattern |
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Definition
| a style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present; when she leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns |
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| avoidant attachment pattern |
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Definition
| a style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother |
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| ambivalent attachment pattern |
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Definition
| a style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers |
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| disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern |
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Definition
| a style of attachment in which children show inconsistent, often contradictory behavior |
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Definition
| a process in which infants' behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers, which in turn bring about further responses from the infants |
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Definition
| the sum total of the enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another |
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| erikson's theory of psychosocial development |
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Definition
| the theory that considers how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others' --and their own-- behavior |
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| trust-versus-mistrust stage |
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Definition
| according to erikson, the period during which infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers |
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Term
| autonomy versus shame and doubt stage |
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Definition
| the period during which, according to erikson, toddlers, (aged 18 months to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected |
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Definition
| patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual |
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Definition
| babies who have a positive disposition; their body functions operate regularly, and they are adaptable |
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Definition
| babies who are inactive, showing relatively calm reactions to their environment; their moods are generally negative, and they withdraw from new situations, adapting slowly |
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