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| provides the correct balance of fat and protein, ensures nutritional completeness, helps ensure healthy physical growth, protects against many diseases |
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| process that returns neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development |
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| Specialization of the brain's two hemispheres |
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| a highly plastic cerebral cortex, in which many areas are not yet committed to specific functions, has a high capacity for learning |
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| a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation |
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| the return of responsiveness to a high level, caused by a change in the environment |
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| Experience-expectant development |
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| brain's organization depends on ordinary experiences |
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| Experience-dependent development |
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| additional growth of structures as a result of specific learning experiences |
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| caused by an unbalanced diet very low in protein; usually strikes between 1 and 3 years of age |
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| a wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients; usually appears in the first year when mother can not produce enough breast milk |
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| infants act, or operate, on the environment, and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again |
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| a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response |
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| fire identically when a primate sees or hears an action and when it carries out that action on its own. they are believed to be the biological basis of a variety of interrelated, complex social abilities, including imitation, empathic sharing of emotions, and understanding others' intentions |
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| dynamic systems theory of motor development |
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| mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action. When motor skills work as a system, separate abilities blend together, each cooperating with others to produce more effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment |
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| four fingers go flat against the palm; very rudimentary; no ability to release grip |
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| • Uncoordinated, primitive, reach-like movements; Before the infant can reach with their hands, they can reach with their feet; Have not yet discovered the muscle pattern for reaching |
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| Develops after about a year; pointer finger and thumb touch; allow babies to pick up Cheerios |
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Birth-1 month—Prefer simple, face-like pattern
2-4 mos.—Prefer complex facial pattern to other complex patterns; can distinguish strange from familiar faces; prefer mother’s face to stranger
5-12 mos.—can perceive emotional expressions on faces |
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4-7 mos.—Sense of musical phrasing
6-8 mos.—“screen out” sounds from non-native languages
7-9 mos.—Recognize familiar words, natural phrasing in native language |
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| early, extreme sensory deprivation results in permanent brain damage and loss of functions. When animals reared from birth in physically and socially stimulating surroundings are compared with those reared in isolation, the brains of stimulated animals show much denser synaptic connections. |
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| findings show that crawling and avoidance of drop-offs are linked but not how they are related or when depth perception first appears. |
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The norm for approximately 90% of the world's population.
Research suggests that cosleeping evolved to protect infants' survival and health. During the night, cosleeping babies breastfeed three times as long as infants who sleep alone. Some researchers believe that cosleeping may actually help safeguard babies at risk for SIDS |
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