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developmental biology
lecture 13
40
Biology
Undergraduate 3
07/23/2012

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Term
BLIMP1
Definition
REPRESSES somatic gene expression
Term
prdm14
Definition
responsible for genome wide epigenetic reprogramming
Term
BMPs in mice induce...
Definition
-induce blimp1 and prdm14
-signals from the extraembryonic ectoderm and induced adjaacent epiblast cells to become precursors to primordial germ cells
Term
control of gene expression during differentiation
Definition
-use of activators and repressors during transcription
-post translational modifications(5 cap,3 poly a tail)splicing,stability of mRNA
-
Term
differential gene transcription
Definition
expression of a microRNA complementary to a gene or mRNA that inhibits expression of a protein
Term
epigenetics
Definition
DNA structure modified, not the sequence
Term
genomic imprinting
Definition
-an epigenetic process, methalation and chromatins(histones)
-causes certain genes to be turned on or off
Term
erasure
Definition
in primodial germ cells the imprints are "erased"
Term
establisment
Definition
epigenetics "imprints" are established in the germ line based on male or female
Term
maintenance
Definition
the re-established "imprints" are maintained through all somatic cells
Term
IGF2
Definition
insulin growth factor 2-only expresseed from the allele inherited by the father
Term
oocyte
Definition
has a lyare of cumulus
Term
ampulla
Definition
site of fertilization
Term
cleavage in mammals
Definition
isolecithal and rotational
roational-slow and asynchronous
Term
compaction
Definition
occurs after third cleavage
Term
morula
Definition
16 cells inner mass cell and trohpoblast
=caviation, creating and enlarging the blastocoel
Term
totipotent
Definition
8 cell embryo
Term
pluripotent
Definition
embryo with ICM and trophoblast
Term
trophoblast
Definition
forms the placenta
-hatches from the zona plucida
-implates in the uterus
Term
hatching
Definition
zona pellucida prevents blastocyst from adhering along oviduct walls
-hatches from zona pellucida by secreting trypsin-like protease
Term
0-6 days
Definition
embryo enters the uterus in morula stage
-blastocyst smakes contact with uterus
-embryo sheds ZP before implantation
Term
•Trophoblast Cells
Definition
•Trophoblast Cells- L-selectins on trophoblast cells binds to polysaccarides on uterine cells(polysaccarides are synthesized in response to estrogen and progesterone which is secreted by corpus luteum)
-Synthesize intergrins that bind to uterine
collagen, fibronectin, laminin and
synthesize heparin sulfate, P-caderins
Term
once bound
Definition
Wnt proteins are secreted from
the trophoblast and endometrium—this in turns
cause trophoblast to secrete enzymes
(collagenase)
Term
pregnancy tests
Definition
detects Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin(produced from cells that form the placenta
Term
7-11 days
Definition
ICM delaminates hypoblast cells that line the blastocoel forming extraembryonic endoderm

-results in epiblast and hypoblast
Term
cytotrophoblast
Definition
-anchors embryo to uterus tissue
Term
syncytiotrophoblast
Definition
further progression of the embryo into the uterus wall by digesting uterus tissue
Term
9-11 days
Definition
epiblast delaminates the amniotic ectoderm that surrounds tha amniotic cavity
-two layer blastodis similar to birds ,embryonic epiblast and hypoblast
-cytotrphoblast enzamatically remodels maternal blood vessels
-uterus send additional blood vessels
-embryo is nourished from maternal blood
-extraembryonic mesoderm forms and will develop into extramembryonic coelom
Term
fibroblast growth factor(FGF)
Definition
cell migration
-down regulates E-cadherins
-cells at primative streak capable of synthesizing and responding to FGFs
-may also control cell specification by regulating Snail, Brachyury and
Tbx6—three genes essential for mesodermal migration, specification and patterning
Term
epiblast and hypoblast secretion
Definition
nanog=epiblast
gata6-hypoblast
Term
A-p axis
Definition
two signalling centers
node-creation of all the body
AVE-anterior visceral endoderm

Node+AVE located in the anterior region of the embryo
notochord will eventually link the node and AVE
Term
BMP
Definition
bmp4 helps regulate differentiation of mesychymal cells which are derived from mesoderm
also plays a role in CNS movement
-expressed in extraembryonic ectoderm and ICM, may activate epiblast cells that will form primative streak
Term
WNT3
Definition
induces formation of primative streak and node in mammals
Term
embryo head region formation
Definition
requires inhibitation of the BMp4 and WNT3(potential role of AVE)
Term
In Situ Hybridization
Definition
Detection of mRNA by DNA-RNA or RNA-RNA
Term
Retinoic Acid
Definition
higher at posterior, lower at anterior
also dertermines A-P axis
Term
Hox genes
Definition
control strucuter formation in the dorsal axis
-constallation of Hox gene expression correlates with vertabra formed

nodal and pitx2 on left side of mesoderm
Term
left right axis in humans(2 levels of regulation)
Definition
organ specific-mutations can cause problems that are possibly fatal
global- inversion of embryonic turning, causes all aymmetrical organs to be reversed(not a big problem)
nodal and pitx2 on left side of mesoderm
Term
nodal vesicular parcels
Definition
contains shh(sonic hedgehod protein) and RA
-if parcels aren't secreted, l-r asymettry fails to be established

-FGF activates secretion of NVPs by node cells
also rise in Ca2+
Term
IV genes
Definition
codes for a dysein protein
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