Term
| Plato's views on beginning of human development? |
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Definition
| ENSOULMENT begins at birth. Also believed in DUALITY, or soul and body as separate entities |
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Term
| Aristotle's view on beginning of human development? |
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Definition
| ANIMATION of males at 40 days, 90 days for females (the fetus begins to look human) |
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Term
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Definition
| Point English Common law designated a fetus human. Refers to when fetus 'kicks' |
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Term
| What are traditional Jewish views on beginning of human development? |
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Definition
| Full status of human at 'crowning' during birth. Abortion can be used as a final result when the mother's life is in danger. |
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Term
| Roman Catholic Church's position on human development? |
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Definition
| Human at conception. Abortion is absolutely forbidden. |
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Term
| Islamic view of early human development? |
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Definition
| Abortion alright before first 120 days; must have father's permission. |
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Term
| What are some scientific views of when humans take on souls? |
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Definition
(1) Fertilization: have a novel genome (but doesn't even a skin cell have all the DNA in the body?)
(2)At gastrulation: cell differentiation begins, starts to form 'identity'
(3)Acquisition of EEG pattern: if losing EEG is death, acquiring is birth
(4)At or near birth: when become independent of mother's body |
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Term
| Why might a couple want to determine the sex of their child? |
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Definition
One or both parents could carry a sex-linked (X chromosome) disease, so having a girl would prevent the child from carrying the disease.
Also, they might want to 'family balance.' |
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Term
| What can be a disadvantage of widespread sex determination, as seen in some Asian countries? |
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Definition
| A large gender gap, some as wide as 120 boys - 100 girls |
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Term
| Where is nonmedical sex selection banned? |
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Definition
| Over 40 European countries and India. US has not banned, and does not have many regulations on sex selection. |
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Term
| What is special about the "23rd chromosome?" |
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Definition
| It is the one that determines sex, and is either X or Y. |
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Term
| What differentiates boys and girls in chromosomes? |
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Definition
| XX is a girl, XY is a boy |
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Term
| Do sperm have X or Y chromosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are gonads female or male from the start? |
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Definition
| Gonads develop in the BIPOTENTIAL STAGE, having neither male nor female characteristics. |
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Term
| Describe gamete precursors to male development? |
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Definition
| Internal male sex cords become Sertoli cells of SEMINIFEROUS tubes, loose tissue becomes LEYDIG CELLS. |
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Term
| Describe game precursors to female development? |
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Definition
| Granusola cells and thecal cells develop and become FOLLICLES to envelop eggs. |
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Term
| How does male develop in secondary sex selection stage? |
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Definition
| Sertoli cells secrete ANTI-MULLERIAN DUCT HORMONE (AMH) to destroy Mullerian duct. Leydig cells secrete TESTOSTERONE to inhibit breasts, etc |
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Term
| How does a female develop in secondary sex selection stage? |
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Definition
| Ovaries produce ESTROGEN to continue developing Mullerian duct. The Wolffian duct with degenerate. |
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Term
| Describe X-linked diseases? |
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Definition
| X chromosomes can carry some diseases, such as androgen insensitivity syndrome. Boys are more at risk because, having XY, they do not have a normal X chromosome to balance a bad one if they receive it. Girls who receive one bad X chromosome will be 'balanced out' by the other good X chromosome. |
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Term
| How can we use prenatal techniques to check for X-linked diseases? |
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Definition
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Term
| What prevents polyspermy? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ACROSOME in head carries enzymes needed to cause an ACROSOMAL REACTION and digest through egg's zona pellucia. MITOCHONDRIA gives energy. FLAGELLUM propels to egg |
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Term
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Definition
| Final stage where sperm is 'activated' because of chemical change in female reproductive tract and starts swimming. |
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Term
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Definition
From outside: CUMULUS
ZONA PELLUCIDA: protein matrix
CELL MEMBRANE
POLAR BODY: from meotic division
OVUM |
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Term
| Why can IVF cause higher ratios of multiple births than natural fertilization? |
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Definition
| Multiple eggs are implanted because of the chance that they will not all come full term. A woman's age can help determine the chances that one of them will develop. |
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Term
| Describe the female hormonal cycle? |
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Definition
| Pituary gland has FSH, LH. Carries these to ovary. Ovary produces estrogen and progesterone; used to develop uterine lining. Uterine lining is shed during MENSES. FSH increases and makes follicles mature, LH to promote oocyte . Estrogen triggered up. Estrogen = LH, FSH up. Toward end PROGESTERONE increases, pituary decreases |
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Term
| How do birth control pills work? |
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Definition
| They contain PROGESTERONE, with blocks ovulation by decreasing FSH and LH in the pituary gland. |
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Term
| Describe some Assisted Reproduction methods? |
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Definition
(1)In Vitro Fertilization: combine sperm and eggs in petri dish, select most fertile looking
(2) hormonal therapies: to increase ovulation
(3) artifical insemination: inject sperm into uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| An egg developing without being fertilized. |
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