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Definition
| The changing of the organism through adulthood and reproduction. |
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Term
| Define developmental biology, how is this different from embryology |
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Definition
| Embryology is the study of organisms from fertilization to birth. Developmental biology is both embryology and studies the organism through their life until they are capable of reproduction. |
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| What two process does development accomplish? |
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Definition
| It creates the organism's adult body and it creates a body that is capable of passing on it's own genes (reproduction) |
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| it is the division of body cells into different types |
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| The development of organization in an organism |
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| having the same growth rates within a body |
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| Havind different growth rates within a body |
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| Where does the word monster come from |
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| From the word monstrate, which means to show or point out |
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| toxins that effect early development, usually by causing genetic mutations. |
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| What caused von Bear to formulate his four principles? |
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| He had two embryos and could not tell the difference between the two |
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| What do von Bear's principles |
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Definition
| All animals begin looking the same, and as they develop, more specific characteristics appear. Less primitive animals never go through the phases of primitive animals. |
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Term
| What three things can we learn from cell lineages |
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Definition
Where they came from -
Who they interact with -
What they become |
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| Name four ways we mark cells to follow them |
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Definition
| Vital dyes, flourescent labeling, radioactive labeling, and genetic marking |
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| Who was the first person to record development |
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Definition
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| What was the major idea of epigenesis? |
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Definition
| Organs originate in the embryo "from Scratch" |
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| What was the developmental force named in Epigenesis? |
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Definition
| Vis essentialis, or "essential force" |
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Term
| what aspects/ phenomena does epigenesis explain well? |
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Definition
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| what problems does epigenesis theory have? |
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Definition
| It does not explain constancy of species |
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Term
| What was the major idea of Preformation |
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Definition
| that organisms are already formed in the embryo and just grow larger |
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Term
| How did aristotle think the embryos of animals like humans were formed? |
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Definition
| from menstral fluid and sperm. (Formed from the menstral fluid and given life/substance by sperm) |
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| What was the developmental force named in preformation |
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Definition
| they had none (no reason for one) |
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Term
| What aspects/phenomena does preformation explain well? |
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Definition
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| What problems does the preformation theory have? |
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Definition
| It does not explain the variance between generations - They also had no cell theory and said that cells could be infinitely small. |
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Term
| What was the major idea of the theory "Goal Directed force"? |
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Definition
| That the embryo started with the directions on how to form organs and structures. |
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| What was the developmental force named in "Goal directed force" |
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Definition
| It was named bildungstrieb or "Developmental force" |
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| What aspects/ phenomena does goal directed force explain well? |
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Definition
| how the embryo knows how to create comples things from nothing - both constancy of species and variation of species |
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| What is a problem with "goal directed force"? |
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Definition
| They did not know of genes, so they knew not what form these 'directions' took. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when egg and sperm combine and their nuclei fuse to produce a zygote. |
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Term
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Definition
| after fertilization, the egg and sperm (now called a zygote) divide quickly without replication of the cytoplasm |
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Definition
| After cleavage, the cells form a hallow sphere which is essentially a ball of cells. |
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Definition
| The small hallow opening during the blastula stage |
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Definition
| the process by which the blastula forms a blastopore and folds in on itself to form the gastrula |
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Definition
| the three layered embryo after gastrulation |
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| the process in some species to become sexually mature. |
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| all non-reproductive cells |
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Definition
| individual cells of the social amoeba / slime mold |
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Term
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Definition
| aggregation is the grouping of cells (myxamoebae) when food supplies in the area are used up |
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Term
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Definition
| an aggregation of cells, also called a grex or a psuedoplasmodium |
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Term
| what is the clump of anteriormost cells called and what do they form |
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Definition
| the clump of cells is called the stalk and they form prespore cells |
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Term
| what is migration and why does it occur |
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Definition
| migration is the movement of the grex to an area where food is more plentiful (an illuminated area) |
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Term
| what is the stalk and what forms it? |
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Definition
| the stalk is the mature part of the cycle, and it is formed by pre-stalk cells |
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Term
| What are the pre-spore cells located in the slug and what do they form? |
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Definition
| The pre-spore cells are the rear 4/5 of the aggreagaion and they form spores |
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Term
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Definition
| a movement in response to a chemical signa. |
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Term
| Give two ways the cells respond to the aggregation molecule. |
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Definition
| they move towards the signal for one minute then emmit it themselves |
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Term
| what is the molecular aggregation signal |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the molecular aggregation signal |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first cell adhesion protein seen? |
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Definition
| gp24, and it activates for initial aggreagation |
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Term
| what is the second adhesion molecule? |
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Definition
| gp80 it acts after initial aggregation |
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Term
| what is the third adhesion molecule |
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Definition
| gp150 and it acts just before aggregation (during migration) |
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Definition
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| what is the weakest sort of evidence? |
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Definition
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| how are antibodies produced |
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Definition
| By introducing a substance into an organism, their body produces antibodies which can then be removed and concentrated. |
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Term
| how are antibodies used as a tool to find/track a target molecule |
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Definition
| they can be labled, and watched as per what they 'stick' to |
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Term
| what is loss of function evidence |
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Definition
| when something key is removed and an action no longer occurs |
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Term
| What is gain of function evidence? |
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Definition
| when adding a substance to the organism (either a different organism or in one that is currently not producing the substance) the effect is seen. |
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| Spiral cleavages at acute angles |
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Definition
| cleavage plane orientation of protostomes |
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Term
| radial cleavages, perpendicular or paralell |
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Definition
| cleavage plane in deuterostomes |
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Term
| determinant cleavage/mosaic development |
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Definition
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| indeterminant cleavage, regulative development |
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Definition
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Definition
| the alteration of cells to their specialized form |
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Definition
| when a cell, from that point on, must form a specific cell/ tissue type -restricting fate- |
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Term
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Definition
| when placed in a neutral enviornment, it still forms the same thing, this is reversable |
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Definition
| when a cell forms the same thing regardless of where it is in the embryo (non-reversable) |
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Term
| In what animal groups is autonomous specification? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what animal groups is conditional specification? |
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Definition
| all vertebrates (and a few invertebrates) - deuterstomes - |
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Term
| in what animal groups is syncitial specification |
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Definition
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Term
| define autonomous specification |
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Definition
| cells contain ingreedients that tell them what to do |
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Term
| what is the major mechanism of autonomous specification? |
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Definition
| cytoplasmic granules/ gradients |
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Term
| when is cell fate established in autonomous specification? |
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Definition
| originally; cell fates never change |
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Term
| what development type is seen in autonomous specification? |
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Definition
| dominant cleavage, mosaic development |
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Term
| in autonomous specification, if an embryo is divided... |
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Definition
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Term
| conditional specification is defined as: |
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Definition
| regulative, and determined by cell-cell communications |
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Term
| the major mechanism for conditional specification is: |
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Definition
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Term
| when and how firm is cell fate extablished in conditional specification? |
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Definition
| early, but later than autonomous specification. Cell fates change in relation to the cells aroudn them |
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Term
| the development type seen in conditional specification is |
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Definition
| regulative develoment, with indeterminant cleavage |
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Term
| in conditional specification if an embryo is divided we get: |
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Definition
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Term
| how is syncitial specification defined |
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Definition
| nuclei influenced on what they will be by a gradient before individual cells are formed |
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Term
| what is the major mechanism for syncitial specification? |
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Definition
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Term
| when and how firm is cell fate established in syncitial specification? |
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Definition
| it is substance controlled and weirdly flexible |
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| what is the development type seen in syncitial specification? |
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Definition
| produces keratin that protects and waterproofs |
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Definition
| produces hemoglobin that transports O2 in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| produces crystallins that transmit light and are clear and flexible |
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Definition
| produces melanin that is a pigment protector |
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Definition
| produces muscle actin and myosin for contraction |
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Definition
| a part of the embryo is removed and the embryo is watched |
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Term
| isolation experimentation |
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Definition
| a part of the embryo is removed and both parts are watched |
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Term
| recombination experimentation |
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Definition
| a part o the embryo is removed then replaced somewhere else |
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Term
| transplantation experimentation |
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Definition
| part of the embryo is removed and placed in a different embroy |
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Term
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Definition
| thatcells made pangenes and by survival of the fittest, better pangenes (which traveled through the body and into the sperm and eggs) (life experiences were contained in the pangenes) which were passed to offspring |
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Term
| who had the germ plasm theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| what were the four major ideas of the germ plasm theory? |
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Definition
1. both sperm and eggs gave the same ammount of chromosomes
2. cells were said to divide so that only parts of the chromosomes were in each cell
3. the chromosomes were the blueprints for life
4. the gametes were the only cells that got complete sets of chromosomes |
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Term
| What did roux do to test weismanns theory? |
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Definition
| Roux used a frog embryo and destroyed cells on one side of the embryo and watched the results |
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Term
| what were Roux's results? |
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Definition
| the frog developed half of an embryo |
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Term
| What did roux propose as a theory |
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Definition
| that his frogs were mosaic |
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Term
| what was wrong with roux's experiment |
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Definition
| frogs shouldn't show mosaic development |
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Term
| Driesch - what did he do? |
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Definition
| he used isolation to test weisman's theory |
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Term
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Definition
| that each blastomere of a split sea urchin embryo became a full organism |
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Term
| what term did driesch give us? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cells that can continually divide and form many different things |
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Term
| What is a committed stem cell? |
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Definition
| A stem cell that forms a specific cell type, such as the sperm stem cell |
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Term
| Give examples of committed stem cells |
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Definition
| skin stem cell, blood forming stem cell |
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