Term
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Definition
| TATA binding protein. One of the proteins required to properly place polymerase onto the promoter region |
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Term
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Definition
| Recruits the polymerase to TBP |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for binding of RNA TATA box. polymerase and for the initiation of transcription |
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Term
| Translation termination codon |
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Definition
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Term
| Transcription termination codon |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Nucleosomes are bound into "solinoids" and stabilized by the H1 histone.
This tight packaging of nucleosomes prevents transcription of gene in somatic cells by blocking transcription factors and RNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
| Stablize nucleosomes and prevent transcription |
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Term
| Transcription Initiation site |
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Definition
| CAP secquence from the 5 prime end |
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Term
| Translation initiation site |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Transient band of cells that joins the neural tube to the epidermis |
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Term
| Somatic Nuclear Transfer (cloning) |
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Definition
A blastula cell nuclei can direct the development of complete taldpoles when transferred into the cytopasm of an
activated enucleated from egg
Cannot generate adult frogs |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of how anatomy changes during the development of different organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Species specific binding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attracts and activates sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| External protective maxtric in humans it's like the vitelline layer |
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Term
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Definition
| Follicular cells that nurured egg during release from ovary |
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Term
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Definition
| Inner most layer of culumus |
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Term
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Definition
| The inner surface of the ectoderm has a positive affinity for mesodermal cells and a negative affinity for the endoderm. The mesoderm has a positive affinity for both |
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Term
| Differential Adhersion hypothesis |
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Definition
| Cells sort based on the most thermodynamically staable pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium dependent adhesion molecules that adhere cells together, link to and help assemble actin cytoskeleton, and helps with signaling molecules that change a cell's gene expression |
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Term
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Definition
| Anchor cadherins inside cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Outter cells of a human egg that bind to the uterus. Contains E cadherin and P cadherin |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that will generate the embryo and become the organism |
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Term
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Definition
1.) Polarization: determines front from back
2.) Protrusionj of cell's leading edge with force from polymerization of actin microfiliments
3.) Adhesion of the cells to the extracellular substrate pushing on the ECM
Release of adhesions in the rear and allowing the cell to migrate in the forward direction. |
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Term
| Histone Acetyltransferase |
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Definition
| Places acetyl group onto histones H3 and H4 disabling them the nucleosomes so they come apart easily. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changing of the electric potiental of the egg cells membrane to +20 disallowing sperm to adhere. |
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Term
| Cortical Granual reaction |
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Definition
| Slow mechanical block to polyspermy that becomes active after one minute of sperm fusion |
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Term
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Definition
| 14 AA peptide that diffuses from egg jelly into sea water and attracts sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of how changes in development may cause evolutionary changes and how the ancestry may constrain type of changes that are possible. |
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Term
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Definition
| Epidermis and nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces the epithlium of lungs and GI |
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Term
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Definition
| Generates blood, heart, kidneys, gonads, bones, muslce and connective tissue |
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Term
| The three postulates of differential gene expression |
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Definition
1.) Every cell's nucleus has the complete set of DNA in the egg
2.) Unused genes keep potiental for expression
3.) Only a small portion of the genome is expressed in each cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA secquence that controls the effiency and rate of transcription |
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Term
| Fusion of egg and sperm in the sea urchin |
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Definition
| Contact with Jelly layer, acrosome reaction, digestion of jelly layer, Binding to vitilline layer, Fusion of acrosomal process membrane and egg membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| The fusion of sperm and egg causes polymerization of actin in the egg |
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Term
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Definition
| Cleaves protein posts that connect the vitelline layer proteins to cell membrane and cuts off bindin receptors with any attached sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| Enhancers that can only regulate "cis linked" elements can be on 3', 5' or intron |
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Term
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Definition
| Counteracts the effects of polycomb |
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Term
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Definition
| Bind to condensed nucleosomes and keep the gene in an inactive state |
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Term
| Transcription associated factors |
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Definition
| TAF stablizie the RNA polymerase onto the promoter region and inable transcription. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Recognizes a particular DNA secquence in the enhancer |
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Term
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Definition
| activates or suppresses transcription of the gene whose promoter or enhancer has been boudn. |
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Term
| Protein - Protein interaction domain |
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Definition
| allows the transcription factors activity to be modulated by TAFs |
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Term
| Coordinated Gene expression |
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Definition
| Simultaneous expression of many cell specific genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Signal is required to initiate gene expression |
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Term
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Definition
| responding to tissue is only need the proper enviornment to allow expression. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rod of mesodermal cells in the most dorsal portion of the embryo. These cells instead become the nervous system |
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Term
| How is metamorphesis initiated in the frog |
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Definition
| By hormones from the tadpoles thyroid gland |
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Term
| How is metamorphesis initiated in the frog |
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Definition
| By hormones from the tadpoles thyroid gland |
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Term
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Definition
Little or no yoke:
1.) Isolecithal: evevly distributed yoke
Spiral, bilateral, rotational
2.) Mesolecithal:Moderate yolk
Displaced radial cleavage
3.) Telolecithal: Dense yolk
Bilateral and discodal cleavage
4.) Centrolecithal : yolk in center
Superficial cleavage |
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Term
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Definition
| Pattern of cleavage where only a portion of the egg is destined to become the embryo and the other portion become the yoke or nutrition for the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
1.) General features apper first then more specialized features develop
2.) Less general features develop from the more general
3.) The embryo of different species does not move through the same stages as the lower animals, instead it grows looking much less alike
4.) The early embryo of a higher animal never looks like that of a lower animal but perhaps like it's embry |
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Term
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Definition
| unconnected to one another and operate as indpendent units |
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Term
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Definition
| Additoinal of negatively charged acetyl group to histones which neutralizes the charge of lysine and loosens the histones. |
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Term
| Neural restrictive silence element |
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Definition
| Found in mouse genes whose expression is limited to the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA regulatory elelments that actively repress the transcription of a particular gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Different proteins that are encoded by the same gene. This change occurs as a result of splicing. |
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Term
| Alternative nRNA splicing |
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Definition
| producing a wide variety of proteins from the same gene |
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Term
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Definition
| The number and type of proteins encoded by the genome |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell membrane protein on one cell surface interacts with the receptor proteins on adjacent cell surfaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell membrane protein on one cell surface interacts with the receptor proteins on adjacent cell surfaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bind to a receptor called patched. Patched binds to a signal transducer (smoothened) and prevents smoothened from functioning. Without hedgehog pathway, the smoothended is inactiveand the Ci protein is tethered to the microtubules of the reponding cell. It is then cleaved and acts as a transcriptional repressor. with active smoothened, Ci will enter the nuculus whole and act as a activator. |
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Term
| What is the hedge hog pathway responsible for? |
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Definition
| Formation in the chick embryo for feather formation in chicks and hair formation in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each cell recieves it's instruciton independently without cell to cell interactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each cell of the embryo would develop automously. The sperm and the egg provided equal chromosomal contribution equally to the organism. |
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Term
| Weismann's hypothesis of development |
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Definition
| There are a seperation of right and left determinants in the resulting blastomeres. |
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Term
| Driesch's hypothesis of development |
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Definition
| The seperated cells will produce smaller version of a complete embryo. |
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Term
| Does cleaving the cell in different areas change the fate of the cell? |
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Definition
| Not if it occurs before the cells are differentiated. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cytoplasm that contains many nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclei in the anterior part of the cells will be exposed to cytoplasmic transcription factors that are not present in the posterior part of the cell and vice versa. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blastomere inherits a set of transcription factors from the egg cytoplasm and these transcription factors regulate gene expression, directs the cell into a path of development. There are different morphogenetic determinants. The cell Knows what it is to become without interaction. |
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Term
| Conditional specification |
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Definition
| ability of cells to achieve their repective fates by interaction with other cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Derived from the golgi apparatus and contains enzymes that digest proteins and complex surgars. |
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Term
| What is the centriole responseible for? |
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Definition
| Structure tail in sperm, microtube organization, and becomes centrisome |
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Term
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Definition
| region which is stiffer than the internal cytoplasm and contains high concentrationso f globular actin molecules. Contains the egg's cortical granuals which contin hyalin protein. |
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Term
| Corticical granule serine protease |
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Definition
| SAn enzyme that cleaves the protiein posts that connect the vitelline envelopeproteins to the cell membrane and clips off bindin receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is elevated from the cell membrane by glycosaminoglycans which are released from the cortical granuals. They then absorb water to expand the space between the cell membrane and fertilization evelope. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extended microvilli extends to hyaline layer that provides support for the blastomere during cleavage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Does not allow transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| where membrane fusion between sperm and egg begins |
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Term
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Definition
| Responseible for resumption of meiotic cell dividison in the ovulated frog egg. Continues to regulate cell cycle of early blastomeres |
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Term
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Definition
Radial holoblastic cleavage:
The first and second are meridonal (pole to pole) and perpendicular to one another.
The third cleavage is equatorial and perpendicular to the first two. This is what seperates the animal into the two hemispheres.
Fourth: The Animal half is divided from four to eight. Mesomeres. The vegetal layer undergose unequal euatorial cleavage and produces four larges cells and four small cells Macromeres and micromeres.
Fifth: The animal section is equally divided again. The vegital section divides the four macromeres leaving a small cluster of micromeres at the bottom. |
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Term
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Definition
| infolding of cell sheet into embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| Inturning of cell sheet over the basal surfact of an outter layer |
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Term
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Definition
| Migration of individual cells into the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| Splitting or migration of one seet into two |
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Term
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Definition
| Expansion of one cell sheet over another |
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