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| Timing of the first-word combinations are related to... |
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Definition
| timing of first word, timing of 50 word vocabulary, and responsiveness of mothers to child's first word |
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| The importance of syntax is...(Tomasello) |
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| ...that it allows the child to code and communicate about events in his or her environment, taking the child well beyond the communicative possibilities allowed by single words |
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| two word utterances usually appear in... |
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| the second half of the second year (age 1 1/2) |
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| Noam Chomsky's Theory (of linguistic framework)is called... |
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| the theory of Universal Grammar (UG) |
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| prominent version of UG by chomsky: |
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| government and binding theory (GB) |
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| 2 goals of chomsky's language theories: |
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| universality and learnability |
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| applying to children of all languages |
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| accounting for the fact that children learn grammar in only a few years with little or no explicit training or correction. |
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| Government and binding theory (GB) |
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| there several components of the grammar that are linked at different levels of representation |
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| captures the underlying relationships between subject and object in a sentence (meaning) |
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| captures the surface linear arrangements of words in a sentence (noun-verb-adjective-infinitive verb) |
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| two parts of s-structure: |
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| phonetic form (sounds structure of a sentence) and logical form (the meaning of a sentence) |
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| phrase structure rules (rules that dictate how to construct phrases and sentences out of words) and lexicon (morphology, syntax) |
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| central component to all phrases (all XPs have a head of X) |
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| Infl (stands for inflection) |
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| the head of a clause, also the position of auxiliary verbs like could and will |
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| Infl or Comp (Complimentizer) |
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| optional phrase that can be added on to a sentence (e.g. John put the book on the shelf LAST NIGHT) |
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| rules that specify how one sentence can be transformed to create a closely relates sentence. connects the d-structure and s-structure |
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| conceived as a set of switched that can be adjusted. each language as their own switch setting and children are born with every parameter. |
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| exists in Italian. "is raining" is grammatical even with no subject. not an English parameter because we would need the subject: "it". |
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| processing units in PDP models that are meant to resemble or model individual neurons or assemblies of neurons in the brain |
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| form of associative learning: previously neutral stimuli (words) are repeatedly paired with other stimuli and come to elicit similar responses. Pavlov. |
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| based on PDP networks that assumes that various cues in language environment compete with one another. available and reliable cues will be learned first. (Bates and MacWhinney) |
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| models of language that are meant to represent the neural architecture and activity of the human brain |
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| view of cognitive psychologists who believe that children develop cognitively through their own active participation in the world around them |
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| complex cognitive processes arise from simpler functions and at each stage the organism reorganizes. development proceeds in stages that are very different. (Piaget) |
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| a grammatical deficit characterized by difficultly in using grammatical morphemes, such as the forms of the past tense. (may be genetic) |
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| language acquisition device (LAD) |
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| the innate mental mechanism that, according to linguistic theorists, makes language acquisition possible |
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| a general term that refers to the innate ability to acquire language (animals do not posses a language faculty) |
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| the fact that children master their native tongues across the world in spite of the supposed indecipherable nature of language(nativist view). |
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| the component of the s-structure that captures the meaning of the sentence and connects it to other parts of cognition |
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| processing models of sentence production that assume that the probability of the next word to appear in a sentence is determined by thew words that have already occurred. |
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| evidence concerning language errors or unacceptable combinations of sounds or words. |
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| children whose caregivers have not given them sufficient physical, emotional, or intellectual support to ensure healthy development. |
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| the belief that simply naming a phenomenon also sufficiently explains that phenomenon |
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| parallel-distributed processors (PDPs) |
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| an information theory term that refers to activity taking place at many levels at once, rather than sequentially, as in serial processing. PDP models explain grammatical development by analogy with the kinds of associative links that computers can forge. |
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| a principle in theory building that holds that theorists should use the simplest of the available alternative explanations if they all describe the data equally well |
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| part of the s-structure (GB). the actual sound structure of a sentence |
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| the notion that just because one cannot imagine how language might be learned, this does not prove that it was not learned (is innate). |
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| presentation of a stimulus (verbal or pictorial) meant to facilitate the retrieval of a target response. (a subject who has seen the words "hospital" and "doctor" will recognize the word "nurse" more quickly than a subject how has not been primed. |
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| a form of parental utterance that restates the child's immature utterance in acceptable adult form. |
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| an information=processing term taht refers to lineal cognitive activity. (e.g. seeing a first letter then the next one or reading a word then understanding it) |
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| according to GB, the type of language to which children learning language are exposed. it contains no negative evidence. |
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