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Development of Postural Control
n.a
9
Health Care
Graduate
09/17/2011

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Term
Postural Control
Definition
center of mass over base of support
Term
Importance of Postural Control
Definition
precursor for walking, reaching eating, bathing
- foundation for all functional taks
Term
Reflex Theory/Hierarchical Model
Definition
- development of postural control determined by NS and emergence and subsequent integration of reflexes
- cephalocaudal manner
Term
Systems Theory
Definition
Postural control results from many factors: biomechanical, sensory, , sensory strategies, motor coordination, anticipatory strategies, environment and practice, perceptual schema
Term
Factors that affect Development of Postural Control
Definition
1) Biomechanical Constraints
2) Sensory System Function
3) Developing Strategies for Managing Sensory Conflict
4) Developing Automatic Postural Responses
5) Development of Anticipatory Strategies
Term
Biomechanical Constraints
Definition
- Relative length/mass of body (big head)
- early walkers: relatively high frequency of postural sway with large arcs of motion (young children sway faster and closer to their limits of stability)
-- sway amplitude is more variable in young children and decreases with age from 2-14
- spontaneous sway reaches adult values with eyes open 9-12, eyes close 12-15
- significant improvement in static balance between 6-10 (most pronounced 6-8)
Term
Sensory System Function
Definition
VISION:
- infancy: newborns can orient to a visual stimulus and can track by turning head if head is supported, VISUALLY DEPENDENT, vision is important for infant to obtain vertical orientation
OPTICAL FLOW PATTERN: evoke postural responses in both children and adults
-- LVS (looming visual stimulus) promote reactions more than lateral moving stimuli
-- 2 mo: infant shows directionally appropriate neck muscle activity to LVS, 5 mo: postural responses can be detected in supported stance to LVS, 11-16 mo ant/post sway responses to LVS observed in unsupported sitting, 13-17 mo in sitting excessive sway and loss of balance in standing excessive sway and fall
--SOT 5 children 4-6 sway more than 7-10 yr olds
-- 6-7 yrs switch from visual dependenct to reliance on somatosensory
VESTIBULA and SOMATOSENSORY:
- 4 mo make appropriate postural responses when tilted with vision occluded, 7-10 mo inconsistent directionally appropriate leg muscle responses to induced sway, 14-15 mo may regain posture independently in in response to induced sway
Term
Sensory Conflict
Definition
Difficulty ignoring visual input even when correct => increase visual sway in response to LVS
- children <7 cannot balance when both somatosensory and visual cues are removed
- <7 cannot suppress conflicting sensory information and will fall when presented with sensory conflict
- 7-10 yrs SOT becomes similar to adult
Term
Development of Automatic Postural Responses
Definition
- emergence of head control (EMG i consistent by 3 mo
- emergence of independent sitting (trunk control): 6-8 mo sit unsupported and can manage ant?post sway perturbations
- transition to independent stance
- refining motor strategies
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