Term
| From where does the cerebellum arise? |
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Definition
| Alar plate of the metencephalon |
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Term
| What is the part of the brain that is the site for sensorimotor integration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the brain contains ~50% of brain neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the last brain region to develop neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name for the midline structure of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What disease is associated with a missing vermis giving rise to an enlarged fourth ventricle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Neuroblasts in cerebellar development come from what area and move through what to form the EGL? |
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Definition
| Neuroblasts are derived from the fourth ventricle and move through the rhombic lips |
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Term
| What is the External Germinal layer? What type of cells is it composed of? |
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Definition
| The external germinal layer is a transient layer of proliferative neuroblasts that give rise to the neurulation of the cerebellum |
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Term
| What signalling molecule drives the EGL neuroblast proliferation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens once the EGL is done proliferating? |
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Definition
| The now post-mitotic cells travel inward and create the inner granule layer. The cells leave behind a trail of axons (Molecular layer) as they migrate |
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Term
| What is the molecular layer of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
| Axons of the internal granular layer created as the external granular layer migrated inward |
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Term
| What is the purkinje layer of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
| Layer between the inner granular layer and molecular layer composed of purkinje cells |
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Term
| What derives from abnormal activation of Shh signalling pathway in EGL Neuroblasts? |
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Definition
| Medullablastoma (most common malignant brain tumor) |
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Term
| The cerebral hemispheres derive from what brain region? |
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Definition
Telencephalon (one of two divisions of the Prosencephalon; the other division is the diencephalon)
The telencephalon also gives rise to the cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter |
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Term
| What is the Lamina Terminalis? |
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Definition
| The anterior limit of the neural tube |
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Term
| In cerebellar brain development, how many distinct layers form? |
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Definition
Up too 6 (gray matter)
Order of waves it not the histological designation for the layers |
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Term
| In cerebellar neuronal development, where are the progenitor cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do the waves of generated neurons make it to the cortical plate? |
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Definition
| By traveling along radial glia |
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Term
| The ventricular zone is eventually replaced by what? |
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Definition
| The ependyma and a subventricular zone |
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Term
| What area is the source for adult neuronal stem cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the name of the cerebellar neural cells that migrate tangentially as opposed to radially? |
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Definition
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Term
| Radially migration derived neural cells have what function? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cajal-Retzius cells have what function? |
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Definition
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Term
| Failure of Cajal-Retzius cells to migrate can manifest as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do Cajal-Retzius cells originate? |
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Definition
| Ventricular zone of lateral ganglionic eminence |
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Term
| What accounts for brain growth in the third trimester? |
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Definition
| increase in gyration and brain volume from forming connections and growth of glial cells, neuronal growth at this point it complete |
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Term
| Why is myelin "white matter"? |
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Definition
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Term
| What area of the brain myelinates late? |
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Definition
| Frontal lobe, do not gain excecutive functions until second decade |
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Term
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Definition
cerebellar cortex disorder that prevents neuronal migration in various degrees of severity.
Arises from a mutation in doublecortin |
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Term
| What condition is characterized by enlarged gyri? |
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Definition
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Term
| What condition is characterized by too many undersized gyri? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
congential cleft from pial surface into ventrical.
Infant cerebral infact leading to ischemia |
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Term
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Definition
Any fluid filled cavity in fetal or neonatal brain
Cerebral infarct or prenatal infection suspected |
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Term
| What is the name of the disease associated with the failure of select waves of neurons from migrating? |
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Definition
Cortical dysplasias, specifically heterotopias
typically presents with seizure disorder |
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Term
| What is the leading teratogen in the western hemisphere? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of the brain is most sensitive to deleterious effects from Fetal alcohol syndrome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the more severe effects of FAS? |
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Definition
Microencephaly leading to microcephaly
learning disabilities
attention deficits
hyperactivity
memory impairment
intellectual impairment
poor school performance |
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Term
| What is the last region of the cerebral cortex to populate its neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the top teratogens? |
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Definition
anti-epileptic meds, lithium, methotrexate, ilicit drugs (NTDS)
retinoic acid (inhibits regionalization)
ionizing radiation (inhibits neuroblast proliferation)
ethanol (1st trimester [FAS], 2/3rd trimester [ARND])
lead (lead encephalopathy, blood-brain barrier breakdown) |
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Term
| How does Down's Syndrome affect brain development? |
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Definition
post migratory neuronal differentiation is not as pronounced, making fewer synaptic connections
reduced neural stem cell number and reduced neuronal production |
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