Term
| Piaget: Concrete Operations period (7 - 11 years): |
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Definition
mental reasoning process assumes logical approaches to solving concrete problems.
Learn strategies for solving problems
Thoughts no longer restricted to egocentrism or physical characteristics of stimuli: can recognize different points of view
Looks to concrete causes behind actions (no longer considers "magical" properties to account for events): reasoning & problem solving is concrete; not abstract (cannot yet analyze own thoughts or anticipate problems of the future)
Organizes objects events into hierarchy of classes (classification) or along a continuum of increasing values
Thought process more organized; can attend to multiple stimuli (cognitive monitoring: process of understanding what you are doing, what you will do next & monitor process of activity);
Can attend to relevant stimuli & group characteristics of stimuli;
Operations can be done mentally, that were done physically before; |
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Term
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Definition
| : ability to group patterns of relationships; no longer need to focus on one characteristic at a time broader sense of terms exp: adult is not just dad but dad, uncle, teacher. |
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Term
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Definition
| logical process & steps in an operation, understand different points (beginning, middle, end) |
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Term
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Definition
| able to retrace steps to its origin can go back and forth |
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Term
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Definition
| organize objects in an order on a continuum, like weight, size, height, color shades |
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Term
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Definition
| adding, equality, parts to whole |
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Term
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Definition
| grouping objects that fit into criteria (dogs & wolves) |
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Term
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Definition
ability to focus on a particular factor than doesn't change
Number: Same number even though the size of the objects are the different
Volume: same amount even though shape of container is different
Mass: same mass even though shape changes
Weight: weight same even if size & shape different |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to match or determine exact characteristics of 2 forms exp: the difference between a square and a rectangle |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to remember for immediate recall (4 - 5 seconds) all of the characteristics of a form and match form among several similar forms exp: show them one pic and then shwo them 3 more and have them pick the one they saw. |
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Term
| Visual-spatial relationships: |
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Definition
| ability to determine one single form from a choice of 5 forms of identical configuration, that is going in a different direction from the other forms |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to see a form, and find that form though the form may be smaller, larger, rotated, reversed or hidden |
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Term
| Visual sequential memory: |
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Definition
| ability to remember for immediate recall (4 - 5 seconds), a series of forms |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to perceive a form visually and to find it hidden in a conglomeration of other forms & lines exp: “where’s waldo” also: old women or older women in the picture. |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to match a form from a selection of incomplete forms identify a figure even though it isn’t complete. |
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Term
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Definition
| mental images about spatial relationships. Exp: this isn’t the way home. Go into their room in the dark and know where things still are. |
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Term
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Definition
| preschool concept of time is in relation of one activity or another (before or after lunch) or seasonal relationships. School age kids now understand clock time. Understanding of historical time develops in later school years & adolescence. |
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Term
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Definition
| judgment related to how long it takes to get there (walk slow or walk fast). Idea of measure occurs in later school age & adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
| younger school age children need a reference of 2 moving objects. Older school age children can understand that speed is a relationship between time & distance traveled |
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Term
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Definition
increased, faster ability to recognize & recall more information. Use cues to store & retrieve memory instead of solely relying on "rote" memory.
Rehearsal: repetition of information after it has been presented helps in memory retrieval |
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Term
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Definition
| interpreted as the ability to solve problems related to one’s culture & environment; involves verbal ability, problem-solving skills, and the ability to learn from & adapt to experiences of daily life: As therapist we don’t really go off of this. We try to improve of how they function in their environment. |
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Term
| Howard Gardner, developmental psychologist |
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Definition
Multiple intelligence models, achievements in each area depend on genetic potentials interacting with environmental opportunities & experiences:
Linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-kinesthetic
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior change resulting from an interaction with the environment |
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Term
| Cognitive processing that leads to learning: |
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Definition
Ability to use sensory skills to take in information,
Selective attention
Encode information into memory
Store information
Retrieve information
Using information to make plans
Using information to make decisions & problem-solve
Using information to communicate with others
Using information to in creative expression more creative |
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Term
| Environment assists in learning process: |
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Definition
Set up of environment to encourage problem-solving and the possibilities of several solutions
Avoid criticism; reinforce responses to solutions
Provide opportunities to encourage step by step learning
Model problem solving |
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Term
| Entrance into school challenges the child to: |
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Definition
Develop new social skills & expectations; rules & conventions regarding behavior
Increases awareness of self-identity start develp self esteem
Development of relationships between church, sports
Development of interests & unique abilities
Increased need for a healthy supportive environment (home, school, community) child is expected to do more stuff for self. |
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Term
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Definition
| can do the activities that they do. To share |
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Term
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Definition
| Need help: learn to ride a bike or go horse back riding |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how they stand up to everyone else. Importance of where they stand with everyone. |
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Term
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Definition
| and intimacy. Who they can trust and talk to them about their feelings. |
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Term
| Erikson: emotional developmental task: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
learn to work at chores, school, hobbies, athletics, crafts, talents & receive intrinsic satisfaction in doing these activities
Can start to postpone gratification
Begin to learn self-control |
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Term
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Definition
| without environmental support, or if child has a disability= unable to master a talent or skill, low self-esteem, may not feel valued or competent |
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Term
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Definition
| becomes integrated with cultural values around 8 years (2nd grade). Children may see themselves as inferior if they feel they don’t, “fit in”. |
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Term
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Definition
| use of Vestibular function to relax or to increase alertness |
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Term
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Definition
| tactile discrimination of objects without using sight find it w/out looking |
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Term
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Definition
| understand & identify tactile shape drawn on back or on hand |
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Term
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Definition
| combining movement sense, tactile sense & kinesthesia to understand body position & movement in space during gross & fine-motor activities |
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Term
| Motor planning skills (Praxis): |
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Definition
ability to conceive and plan a new motor act in response to an environmental demand
Imitation of postures
Obstacle course |
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Term
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Definition
| Gross (moving body through space) & fine musical instruments, construction & tool manipulation) |
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Term
| Projected action sequence: |
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Definition
| watching object, predicting where it is going to be, getting body there in time |
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Term
| Coordination of Both sides of the body: |
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Definition
| bilateral motor skills, bilateral motor integration |
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Term
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Definition
both sides of the body moving together at same time
Upper body: clapping hands, catching & throwing; pull & push
Lower body: jumping with both feet; push forward or backward with both feet, pogo stick
Upper & lower body moving at the same time: jumping jacks; some swimming strokes |
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Term
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Definition
sides of the body moving in alternating pattern
Upper body: pulling back & forth; alternating hand motions while prone on scooter; alternating hands while catching or bouncing a ball
Lower body: alternating leg motions while riding a bike; skipping; skating
Upper & lower body moving at the same time: swimming strokes
Imitating patterns of clapping and tapping with hands & feet; marching to music |
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Term
| Under Prospective Payment System, facilities get... |
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Definition
| reimbursed a set amount regardless of the actual cost. Many therapists lost their jobs. Or took up second jobs. |
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Term
| The Olmstead Policy came about in 1999 and says... |
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Definition
| states cannot force segregation of those with disabilities into state institutions in order to receive services |
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Term
| Medicare started in 1965 and was initially only for... |
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Definition
those over 65, but later expanded to cover others with permanent disabilities. At first it operated under a fee for service arrangement but that was later changed to PPS.
Many people may be on it even if they are in their 30’s. Can get it if you have a disability. |
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Term
| Medicare Part A covers... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Medicare Part B covers... |
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Definition
| outpatient and Dr visits, and home health |
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Term
| What are Medicare Managed Care Plans? |
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Definition
| are joined by some to reduce the amt of out of pocket charges one would pay if they were on regular Medicare. In return the client agrees to allow a limitation in the choice of health care providers and other restrictions. May dangle a free health club membership but restrict or limit other health care. |
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Term
| The coverage for DME (durable medical equipment) is restricted. What does it cover or not cover? |
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Definition
| what Medicare deems is “medically necessary” and does not cover bath chairs, grab bars, reachers, elevated toilet seats, devices to assist with dressing or eating or most any equipment that an OT would consider necessary. (But WILL pay for home health aides to come shower the patient) Many pay for the bigger items such as wheelchair but many don’t pay for the small items that OT’s use. |
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Term
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Definition
Medicaid-a joint federal/state program that provides medical care to indigent persons. The type, amt, scope of benefits varies by state and the state determines its own eligibility standards. Must cover “categorically needy individuals such as:
Low income families with children
SSI recipients
Pregnant women, infants, children with incomes less than some percent of the federal poverty level
Qualified Medicare Beneficiaries
Each state has their own…AZ is Access. |
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Term
| Rehabilitation Act of 1973 |
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Definition
| 1973-Individuals with disabilities cannot be discriminated against in any program that receives federal funding Big deal-people with disabililities had rights |
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Term
| Individuals With Disabilities Education Act- |
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Definition
| Was originally called Education for All Handicapped Children Act. Ensures equal educational opportunity for all children by providing federal funds to state and local educational agencies for the purpose of providing special education and related services to children with disabilities and resulted in many jobs for Ots children with disabilities were incorporated in the classroom. |
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Term
| Education for All Handicapped Children Act was amended in... |
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Definition
| 1990, and then called Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1997, and then again to include collaborative language and includes the use of the IEP (individualized education plan) see p 383-384 for more details. IEP’s can be fore gifted kids too. Used in schools. |
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Term
| Fair housing Act of 1988... |
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Definition
| 1988-prevents people with disabilities from discrimination and requires housing providers to make reasonable accommodations to allow equal enjoyment of a dwelling and common areas, and makes in unlawful to prevent a person from making reasonable modifications at their own expense. Allows the tenants to put in accommodations…like grab bars |
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Term
| Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA)1990... |
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Definition
promotes the civil rights of people with disabilities in the mainstream of society in employment, government services, places of public accommodation, transportation, telecommunications. The ADA broadened the protections of the Rehabilitation ACT to include private entities.
The ADA has created jobs for OTs when people try to determine the precise limitations and methods to accommodate them. |
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Term
| Adolescence...Erickson... |
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Definition
| Identity vs. Role Confusion |
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Term
| What happens during Young adult- age 20-40? |
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Definition
| optimal physical and intellectual functioning, major decisions about relationships and career are made and sense |
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Term
| What happens during middle adult age 40-65? |
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Definition
| age-related physical changes begin,__mortality_ is recognized, more sophisticated thinking prevails |
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Term
| What happens during late adult age 65+? |
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Definition
| normal age related changes continue and are possibly complicated by illness, attempting to cope with __loss _ families are changing, pondering life __accomplishment, retirement from work and increased __leisure_ time. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to adapt to the environment in normal life or situations or crises. |
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Term
| Avg life expectency for a person born in 2000 |
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Definition
| is 74.1 for males and 79.5 for females. |
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Term
| Skeletal maturity is reached in young adulthood with peak reached... |
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Definition
| between age 25 and 35. After menopause women will lose 1% and men .5 % per year. |
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Term
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Definition
| age related decline in muscle mass and thus muscle strength and is related to decrease in protein synthesis. |
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Term
| Muscle strength is lost between |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| or waste removal decreases and causes accumulation of waste materials. |
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Term
| Brain weight reaches its peak at age |
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Definition
| 30 and then begins progressive decline. Decrease in nerve cells and the formation of amyloid plaques progresses. Nerve conduction slows. There are many gradual losses but even so they do not affect function much unless there is a disease. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the capacity to acquire and supply knowledge |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability to process novel information progressively declines with age New learning declines. |
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Term
| ▫ Crystallized Intelligence |
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Definition
| the ability to apply knowledge gained over time and by experience and uses judgment to decide how to respond. “elderly knowledge that comes over time” |
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Term
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Definition
| ideas and beliefs an individual has related to the past which influence thought an processes in the present. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves practiced skills that are automatic |
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Term
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Definition
| or declarative memory involves conscious effort |
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Term
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Definition
| where past and present events are associated. Declines with aging. New info is forgotten more quickly and takes longer to process. Last in, first out. |
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Term
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Definition
| “the ordinary and familiar things that people do every day” |
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Term
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Definition
| is the ability to participate in activities, tasks, roles during daily occupations. |
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Term
| • Work is any activity that |
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Definition
| required for subsistence and perceived competence within a society. |
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Term
| • Productivity is broader term includes |
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Definition
| that which is done to enable the person to provide support to self, family and society through the production of goods and services. In adulthood that is often through a career. |
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Term
| Super's Stages of Career Development |
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Definition
Establishment Stage-mid 20s
Consolidation Stage
Maintenance Stage-mid 40s
Deceleration Stage-late 50s
Retirement Stage-65+ |
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Term
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Definition
| pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake” |
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Term
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Definition
-an economically optional activity.
Age 30-44 leisure is usually centered around home and family
Age 45+ centered around more independent., self expressive and competency building activities |
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Term
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Definition
| Adulthood is the time of peak responsibility in ADL and IADL. Those who delay having children until later are often faced with being a member of ‘the sandwich generation” while coping with the needs of their own children and the needs of their parents. |
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Term
| • Health Management in Adulthood involves... |
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Definition
| the development, management, maintenance routines for health and wellness. Includes level of physical fitness, nutrition, health risk behaviors and medication use. Some believe these are impacted by stress due to increased levels of homocysteine, a chemical that is related with the development of heart disease. Increased family stressors may also be related to the onset of HTN (blood pressure). |
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Term
| • Cognitive Appraisal Theory... |
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Definition
| sees stress as the relationship between the person and the environment that is viewed by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources or endangering well being. |
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Term
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Definition
| used if people feel they have a reasonable change. |
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Term
| Palliative coping or emotion focused coping... |
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Definition
| may also be used with the main goal to feel better by managing the emotional response and is used more when people feel they cannot actually change a stressful condition. |
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Term
| ▫ Cardiovascular disease... |
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Definition
| increased thickness of vascular structures, stiffness altered tone and decreased cardiovascular reserve contribute to disease. |
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Term
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Definition
self centered
anxious
expresses negative emotion
cynical
controling |
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Term
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Definition
consciously controls anger
expresses postive emotion
optimistic
relaxed
self-supportive |
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Term
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Definition
suppresses all emotions
self sacraficing
denying own needs
helpless
puts interest of others before self |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
supresses all emotions
negative
anxious
fatigued and depressed
puts interest of others over own |
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Term
| What is the sandwich generation? |
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Definition
| middle aged adults who are caring for older and younger cohorts than thenselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| a fathers midlife development appears correlated with relationship with his children and projection of his negative feelings about himself onto the children. For women, menopause, sexuality and feeling of loss of physical attractiveness are often issues. |
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Term
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Definition
| • Retirement now frequently spans more than 30 years. Can cause pressure to accumulate wealth and avoid debt. Some have developed work-role attachment that may influence the actual time of retirement. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of cells to divide and replicate is limited to some genetically predetermined amount. |
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Term
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Definition
| age-related impairment that initially causes an inablity to hear loud pitch sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decline in muscle action in the eye. loss of ability to focus on near objects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decline in muscle mass and strength |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical associated with the development of heart disease |
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Term
| The baby boomers represent what % of the population? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is successful-aging? |
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Definition
| individuals are considered low-risk and high functioning. |
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Term
| Compression of morbidity (trying to put it off) theory by Fries- |
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Definition
| proposed that if the onset of of morbidity and disability could be postponed or compressed into just the last few years of life, then the quality of life would improve, and the need for medical care would decrease. |
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Term
| Successful Aging vs Usual Aging- according to Rowe and Kahn- |
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Definition
| are non diesased but ‘usual aging” had normal age-related changes such as increased BP blood glucose and modest memory impairment and considered at high risk for developing chronic diseases. |
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Term
|
Definition
| aging individuals were considered low-risk and high-functioning. This theory refutes the notion that with aging there is an inevitable risk of disease and disability…and that most factors are not age dependent but are more a reflection of lifestyle, environment factors. Look at figure 16-4 and determine areas for OT involvement. |
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Term
Bone-Peak bone mass (skeletal maturity)
is reached between |
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Definition
| age 25 and 35, then bone loss begins to exceed bone formation, and for women accelerates especially after menopause |
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Term
| What happens to cartilage during aging? |
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Definition
compression and release causes lubrication and nutrition of the cartilage but this process becomes disrupted and between age 30 and 100, there is a 30% reduction in density of hip articular cartilage.
Ostopenia and osteoporosis progress and water content of the body and the intervertebral disks continues. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| lower back curve -decreases |
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Term
| Metabolic Equivalent Unit (MET) is |
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Definition
the average energy cost used to do various activities. One met is the amt used just for resting quietly. If you work in this area you will use a chart to know how many mets are required for various ADLs. It is mostly dependent on amt of repetitive or overhead arm activity required. The amount of energy it takes to do certain things. Exp: putting hands over heart really effects heart
Most prevalent cardiovascular diseases are HTN and CAD |
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Term
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Definition
Mild rigidity, less body motion proximally than distally, decreaed arm swing, wider base of support, decreased pace Lose their arm swing, maybe they can’t walk and talk at the same time
Smaller and fewer neurons, decreased mitochonria and enzyme volume cause decreased strength |
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Term
| What are some Skin Changes? |
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Definition
Epidermis thins and flattens and more susceptible to shearing forces and thus blisters and skin tears. “Develp tissue paper skin”
Decreased collagen and elastin
Increased tendency to bruise
Decreased sweat and oil glands |
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Term
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Definition
| developmental or degenerative opacity of the lens, causing obstruction and scattering of light to the retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to the optic nerve |
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Term
| What is macular degeneration? |
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Definition
| small hemorrhages in the macular area, the individual sees gray shadows. least treatable. |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased sensitivity to smell |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| the point where sensory input is received-but potentially complicated by poor vision or hearing |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of assigning meaning and involves active rehearsal |
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Term
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Definition
| locating and producing for use, the encoded info. |
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Term
| Age-associated memory impairment(AAMI)- |
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Definition
| complaints of memory impairment with everyday activities and is very modes loss of memory function in healthy people age 50 and older. |
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Term
| Benign Senescent forgetfulness(BSF)- |
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Definition
| is brief transitory periods of forgetfulness attributed to inattentiveness and distraction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| do occur after age 70 in healthy adults ability to multitask |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability to maintain attention on a task for a sustained period |
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Term
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Definition
removing barriers that prevent people from using services, products, and information in that environment. Many of these are prevalent because they assist ALL persons, not just those with limitations.
Ex: curb cutouts, ramps, automatic door openers, moving sidewalks |
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Term
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Definition
ability to access a feature of the environment and use it for the intended purpose in a manner acceptable to the individual.
Ex: switches, doors, sinks, toilets, stoves, |
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Term
| What is universal design? |
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Definition
| Universal Design-the idea designing homes that are accessible to all without need for further adaptation or specialized design. This can allow for aging in place without requiring remodels as various conditions are encountered. Ex lever door handles, various levels of counter height, wide doorways They are designed and made good for everybody. Exp: Drinking fountains, automatic toliets |
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Term
| what is virtual environment? |
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Definition
| Virtual Environment-when communication occurs by means of airways or computers and an absence of actual physical content. Accessibility is increasingly important in this area. Many software companies are providing products that address this issue. |
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Term
| Support and relationships... |
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Definition
| people or animals that provide support through nurturing, emotional support, protection. Can be families, friends, coworkers, neighborhood, community and increasingly those in online networks of support who e mail, twitter, facebook etc with each other. Large parts of society are included in this and large parts are excluded, by choice, accessibility, opportunity to learn, or socioeconomic status. Big families- in case the parent is sick, can have others take care of you and the company. |
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Term
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Definition
| influences at all levels of a person’s life including the unconscious. Involves customs, practices, norms, values, beliefs, religious beliefs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| such as expectations regarding the “sick role”, “work ethic” , “family values” |
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Term
|
Definition
behaviors that are performed automatically and with thought. Can be limiting to those aging or those who have developed certain conditions.
Ex: talking louder to old people, talking to people who push a wheelchair, rather than the person in it. |
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Term
| What is assistive technology? |
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Definition
equipment or devices designed to help people with disabilities meet the requirements of daily living.
Tech Act provides grants that fund technology related services for persons with disabilities of all ages. Able to communicate and find others with the same disabilility across the world |
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Term
|
Definition
| compulsivie physiological and psychological ned for a habit forming substance |
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Term
|
Definition
| deterioration of intellectual faculties such as memory, concentration, and judgement, resulting from an organic disease or disorder of the brain. |
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Term
| What are determinants of health? |
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Definition
| factors that influence overall health and well-being |
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Term
|
Definition
| sustances that open the door for harder drug use. |
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Term
|
Definition
| sense of identification with either the male or female sex. |
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Term
| What are the leading health indicators? |
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Definition
| health concerns selected to represent the trends in population health in the US at the beginning of the twenty first century |
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Term
|
Definition
| A state of emotional and psychologica well-being in which an individual is able to use his or her cognitive and emotional capabilities, function in society... |
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Term
|
Definition
| rate of incidence of a disease. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the death rate in a given population. |
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Term
| What is considered obese? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is considered overweight? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a physical activity? |
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Definition
| Any activity that requires physical exerition to maintain fitness. |
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Term
|
Definition
| One that uses protection to stop the spread of STD's |
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Term
|
Definition
| State of being sexual, involvement of sexual activity, sexual appeal |
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Term
|
Definition
| dependence on an addictice substance |
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Term
|
Definition
| Absence of illness but includes the motivation in life, sense of control,desire to interact. |
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Term
|
Definition
| involvement in life situations in a social context; fulfilling occupational and family roles |
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Term
|
Definition
| daily tasks that are meaningful to the individual |
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Term
|
Definition
| express a desire to one day become a teacher, doctor athlete....until age 11-12. |
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Term
| What is tentative period? |
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Definition
| consideration of one's personal skills, capacities, and values. |
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Term
| What is crystallization of vocational choice? |
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Definition
| a single occupation is selected from with a career category. |
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Term
| What is specification stage? |
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Definition
| focused development of career ideas and career tracks occurs as the individual moves from early into late adolescence and young adulthood. |
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Term
| What is implementation stage? |
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Definition
| Third stage, establishment and progression of a career begin in the middle 20's with the individual progressing in the mid 30's. |
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Term
| According to ICG adulthood is determined by... |
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Definition
| primarily by personal and environmental contextual factors. |
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| Havinghurst emphasized... |
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| The removal of pre-established life goals. |
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| In North America, most occupations are independent in ADL and IADL by age... |
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| Frontal lobe maturation helps explain... |
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| the differences in judgement, degree of impulsivity, coping skills, and problem solving ability. More myelination implies more mature. |
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| (fantasy period, tentative period realistic career exploration, experimentation period, crystallization of vocational choice)-reflect glamour exciting career that bear little relation to eventual career choice. |
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| Early personality development. Continued development characteristics that result in one of six personality types. Exploration of careers reflects “fit” between personality type and occupations. |
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| (crystallization, specification, implementation, stabilization)-Continued development of vocational self-concept. Growing clarity about the self, and ideas about the self crystallize. |
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| Client centered- collaborative relationship with individuals in the clients environment to assist the client to obtain the skills and amke modifications to remove barriers. |
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| What is modernization Theory? |
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| States that in modern societies that the elderly lose their prestige and power, whereas in traditional societies the elderly retain their prestige and power. |
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| The fundamental argument is that, as people age, they are less well integrated with the structures of society and experience role loss and subsequent declines in morale and life satisfaction. |
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| What is the Disengagement theory? |
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| This theory asserted that changes in personality happen in late life allowing a person to withdraw psychologically from normative expectations, not only by reducing activity but also by decreasing emotional attachment to social objects and actors in preparation for inevitable departure through death. |
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| proposes that the more active an older person the better their morale. |
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| What is Fowler's Theory of Spiritual Development? |
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| The adult stages in Fowler's theory typically include stages three through six. Stages of faith are neither achievements, nor progressive steps to salvation, but simply degrees that one's faith goes through as it develops. |
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| What is Fowler's Theory of Spiritual Development? |
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| The adult stages in Fowler's theory typically include stages three through six. Stages of faith are neither achievements, nor progressive steps to salvation, but simply degrees that one's faith goes through as it develops. |
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| What are the theories of aging as random events? |
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Definition
| This perspective suggests that changes occur as the result of the accumulation of random (stochastic) insults or injuries from the environment. Over time, this accumulation is incompatible with life. |
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| What are the theories of aging as programmed event? |
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Definition
| This perspective argues that aging is a programmed event; there is a sequence of events written into our genetic material that determines our maximal life span. |
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| Theories of Aging as Evolutionary... |
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a. Theories of Aging as Evolutionary:
● The theory of evolution is based on the idea that adaptation can be explained by the enhanced survival rates of individuals with heritable attributes that foster survival and reproduction. |
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| Natural selection may also favor the investment of resources in greater reproductive output at the expense of maintaining our bodies in perfect shape. This is the Disposable Soma Theory that suggests that aging is the result of resource allocation. |
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| The Free Radical Theory of Aging |
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Definition
| What is a free radical? Free radicals are atoms or molecules that have an extra, unpaired electron floating around so that they are very unstable. To regain stability, they will react with almost anything. |
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| The Maillard Theory of Aging |
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| Basically, glycosylation links a sugar with a protein that can result in what are termed “advanced glycosylation end products” (AGEs) that can contribute to the alterations in function seen with aging. |
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| The Telomere Theory is of interest not only to aging and longevity, but also to cancer. At the tip of each chromosome are long chains of repeated DNA letters (TTAGGG) that are called telomeres. |
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