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| a research design in which several similar cross sectional or longitudinal studies are conducted at varying times |
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| a research design in which the investigator randomly assigns participants to two or more treatment conditions. |
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| a research design that gathers information on individuals generally in natural life circumstances without altering their experiences and that examines relationships between variable. |
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| a score on an infant intelligence test, based primarily on perceptual and motor responses |
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| a sensitively tuned "emotional dance" in which the cared giver responds to infant signals in a well timed appropriate fashion and both partners match emotional states especially the positive ones |
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| intentional or goal-directed behavior |
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| a sequence of action in which schemes are deliberately combined to sole a problem |
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| a set of defects that results when women consume large amounts of alcohol during most or all of pregnancy. Includes mental retardation impaired motor coordination attention memory and language over activity slow physical growth and facial abnormalities |
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| a set of expectations derived from early care giving experiences concerning the availability of attachment figures and their likelihood of providing support during times of stress |
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| developmentally appropriate practice |
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| a set of standards devised by the National Association for the Education of Young Children that specify program characteristics that meet the developmental and individual needs of young children of varying ages, based on current research and the consensus of experts |
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| a state in which the child and the caregiver gaze at the same object or event and the caregiver comments verbally about what the child sees |
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| a statistic that measures the extent to which individual differences in complex traits such as intelligence or personality in a specific population are due to genetic factors |
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| expressive style of language learning |
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| a style of early language learning in which toddlers frequently produce pronouns and social formulas such as "stop it" "thank you" and "I want it" they use language mainly to talk about the feelings and needs of themselves and other people |
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| referential style of language learning |
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| a style of early language learning in which toddlers produce many words that refer to objects. They use language mainly to name things |
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| a sudden change in a segment of DNA |
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| a surgical delivery in which the doctor makes an incision in the mother's abdomen and lifts the baby out of the uterus |
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| ethological theory of attachment |
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| a theory formulated by Bowelby that vies the infant's emotional tie to the mother as an evolved response that promotes survival |
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| a time span tat is optimal for certain capacities to emerge and in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences |
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| a type of genetic environmental correlation in which individual actively choose environments that complement their heredity |
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| a type of memory that involves noticing whether a stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experienced |
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| a type of memory that involves remembering a stimulus that is not present |
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| a type of play in which children pretend acting out everyday and imaginary activities |
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| discontinuous development |
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| a view in which new and different ways of interpreting and responding to the world emerge at particular time periods |
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| core knowledge perspective |
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| a view that assumes that infants begin like with innate knowledge systems or core domains of thought each of which permits a ready grasp of new related information and therefore supports early rapid development of certain aspects of cognition |
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| a view that regards development as a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with |
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| a white cheese like substance covering the fetus and prevents the skin from chapping due to constant exposure to the amniotic fluid |
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| a white downy hair that covers the entire body of the fetus helping the vernix stick to the skin |
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| experience-dependent brain growth |
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| additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures. follows experience expectant brain growth |
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| an approach concerned with the adaptive or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history |
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| natural or prepared childbirth |
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| an approach designed to reduce pain and medical intervention and to make childbirth a rewarding experience for parents |
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| an approach designed to reduce pain and medical intervention and to make childbirth a rewarding experience for parents |
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| an approach in which measure of behavior are taken on large numbers of individual an age related averages are computer to represent typical development |
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| cognitive-developmental theory |
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| an approach introduced by Piaget that views children as actively constructing knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world and that considers cognitive development as taking place in stages |
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| an approach that emphasis the role of modeling or observational learning in the development of behavior |
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| an approach that view the human mind as a symbol manipulation system through which information flows that often uses flowcharts to map the precise series of steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks and that regards cognitive development as a continuous process |
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| an approach that views directly observable events stimuli and responses as the appropriate focus of study and the development of behavior as taking place through classical and operant conditions |
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| psychoanalytic perspective |
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| an approach to personality development introduced by Freud that assumes people move through a series of stage in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. the way these conflict are resolved determines psychological adjustment |
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| developmental cognitive neuroscience |
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| an area of research that brings together researchers from a variety of disciplines including psychology, biology neuroscience and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavioral capacities |
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| an early vocabulary error in which a word is applied too broadly to a wider collection f objects and events than is appropriate |
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| an early vocabulary error in which a word is applied too narrowly to a smaller number of objects and events than is appropriate |
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| an effective match between child rearing practices and a child's temperament leading to favorable adjustment |
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| an evenhanded procedure for assigning participants to treatment groups such as drawing numbers hat of a hat or flipping a coin. |
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| an infant's distressed reaction to the departure of the familiar caregiver |
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| an interview method in which each participant is asked the same questions in the same way |
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| an orderly integrated set of statements that descries explains and predicts behavior |
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| any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period |
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| attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining 7 to 9 day after fertilization |
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| care giving involving prompt consistent and appropriate responding to infant signals |
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| cells serving the function of myelination |
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| development resulting from ongoing bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment |
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| different degrees of sleep and wakefulness |
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| nature-nurture controversy |
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| disagreement among theorists about whether genetic or environmental factor are more important in development |
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| each form of a gene located at the same place on corresponding pairs of chromosomes |
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| each person's unique genetically determined response to a range of environmental conditions |
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| electronic instruments that track the baby's heart rate during labor |
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| emotions that are universal in humans and other primates, have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival and can be directly inferred from facial expressions. Happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger sadness and disgust |
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| emotions that involve injury to or enhancement of the sense of self. Examples are shame embarrassment guilt envy and pride |
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| features that remain stable in a constantly changing perceptual world |
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| fineness of visual discrimination |
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| following habituation and increase in responsiveness to a new stimulus |
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| genetic makeup of an individual |
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| growing from the middle out |
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| having two different alleles are the same place on a pair of chromosomes |
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| having two identical alleles are the same place on a pair chromosomes |
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