Term
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Definition
| An alternative method to the strange situation, suitable for children between 1 and 4 years, that permits attachment to be assessed through interactions in the home. Includes a set of 90 descriptors of child behavior that yield a score ranging from high to low in security |
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Term
| ecological systems theory |
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Definition
| Bronfenbrenner's approach which views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the environment from immediate settings of family and school to broad cultural values and programs |
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Term
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Definition
| Early appearing stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation. reactivity refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal attention and motor activity self regulation refers to strategies that modify reactivity |
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Definition
| Erikson's theory, which emphasizes that at each Freudian stage individuals not only develop a unique personality but also acquire attitudes and skills that hep the become active contributing members of their society |
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Definition
| Freud's theory which emphasizes that how parents manage children's sexual and aggressive drives during the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development |
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Term
| basic trust versus mistrust |
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Definition
| In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of infancy, which is resolved positively if the balance of care especially during feeding is sympathetic and loveing |
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Term
| autonomy versus shame and doupt |
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Definition
| In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of toddlerhood, which is resolved positively if parents provide young children with suitable guidance and appropriate choices |
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Term
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Definition
| In Piaget's theory a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat a chance event caused by their own motor activity |
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Term
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Definition
| In Piaget's theory a specific structure or organized way of making sense of experience that changes with age |
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Term
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Definition
| In Piaget's theory the internal rearrangement and linking together of schemes so that they form a strongly interconnected cognitive system in information processing the memory strategy of grouping together related items |
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Term
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Definition
| In Piaget's theory, that part of adaptation in which new schemes are created and old ones adjusted to capture the environment more completely |
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Term
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Definition
| In Piaget's theory, that part of adaptation in which the external world is interpreted in terms of current schemes |
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Term
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Definition
| In ecological systems theory, temporal changes in environments which produce new conditions that affect development. |
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Term
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Definition
| In information processing procedures that operate on and transform information increasing the chances that we will retain information use it efficiently and think flexibly adapting that information to changing circumstances |
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Term
| dynamic systems theory of motor development |
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Definition
| In motor development combinations of previously acquired abilities that lead to more advanced ways of exploring and controlling the environment. Each new skill is a joint product of central nervous system development movement possibilities of the body environmental supports for the skill and the goal the child has in mind |
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Term
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Definition
| In operate conditioning removing a desirable stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease the occurrence of a response |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal depiction of information that the mind can manipulate. the most powerful mental representations are images and concepts |
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Definition
| Locke's view of the child as a blank slate whose character is shaped by experience |
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Definition
| Piaget's first stage in which infants and toddlers "think" with their eyes ears hand and their sensorimortor equipment |
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Term
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Definition
| Representations of special, one-time events that are long lasting because their are imbued with personal meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| Rousseau's view of the child as naturally endowed with an innate plan for orderly healthy growth |
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Definition
| The ability of other parts of the brain to take over functions of damaged regions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The conscious part of working memory that directs the glow of information through the mental system by deciding what to attend to coordinating incoming information with information already in the system and selecting applying and monitoring strategies |
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Term
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Definition
| Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in markedly different paths of development |
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Definition
| Vygotsky's theory in which children acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture through cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society |
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Term
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Definition
| a balanced perspective that assumes development is lifelong multidimensional and multi-directional highly plastic and influenced by multiple interacting forces |
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Term
| uninhibited or sociable child |
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Definition
| a child whose temperament is such that he or she displays positive emotion to and approaches novel stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| a child whose temperament is such that he or she is inactive shows mild low-key reactions to environmental stimuli is negative in mood and adjusts slowly when faced with new experiences |
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Definition
| a child whose temperament is such that he or she is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences and tends to react negatively and intensely. |
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Term
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Definition
| a child whose temperament is such that he or she quickly establishes regular routines in infancy is generally cheerful and adapts easily to new experiences . |
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Term
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Definition
| a child whose temperament is such that he or she reacts negatively to and withdraws from novel stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| a communication process designed to help couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| a core that permits an individuals performance on an intelligence test to be compared to he performances of other individuals of the same age |
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Definition
| a disease usually appearing between 1 and 3 years of age that is cause by a diet low in protein. symptoms include an enlarged belly, swollen feet hair loss skin rash and irritable listless behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease usually apperaing in the first ear of life thtis cause by a diet low in all essential nutrients |
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Definition
| a field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan |
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Definition
| a form of language used by adults to speak to infants and toddlers that consists of short sentences with high-pitched exaggerated expressions clear pronunciations distinct pauses between speech segments and repetition of new words in a variety of contexts |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of learning in which a spontaneous behavior is followed by a stimulus that changes the probability that the behavior will occur again |
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Definition
| a form of learning that involves associating a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response. |
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Term
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Definition
| a general principle accounting for early pattern preferences which states that if babies can detect a difference in contrast between two patterns they will prefer the one with more contrast |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth |
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Term
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Definition
| a gradual reduction in the strength of a response as the result of repetitive stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of the larger culture |
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Term
| nonorganic failure to thrive |
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Definition
| a growth disorder usually present by 18 months of age that is caused by lack of affection and stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| a heterozygous individual who can pass a recessive gene to his or her children |
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Term
| extended family household |
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Definition
| a household in which three or more generations live together |
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Term
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Definition
| a laboratory procedure involving short separations from and reunions with the parent that assess the quality of the attachment bond |
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Term
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Definition
| a method by which the research attempts to understand the unique values and social processed of a culture or a distinct social group through participant observation the researcher lives with the cultural community for a period of months or years participation in all aspects of its daily life |
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Term
| violation of expectation method |
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Definition
| a method in which researchers habituate infants to a physical event and then determine whether they recover o a possible even or an impossible event recovery to the impossible event suggests that the infant is surprised at a deviation form reality and is aware of that aspect of the physical world |
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Term
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Definition
| a method in which the investigator sets up a cue for the behavior of interest and observes it in a laboratory |
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Term
| clinical or case study method |
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Definition
| a method in which the researcher tries to understand the unique person by combining interview data observations and sometimes test scores |
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Term
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Definition
| a method that uses a flexible conversational style to probe for the participant's point of view |
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Term
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Definition
| a neutral stimulus that through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus leads to a conditional response |
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Term
| evolutionary developmental psychology |
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Definition
| a new area of research that seeks to understand the adaptive value of species wide cognitive emotional and social competencies as those competencies change with age |
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Term
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Definition
| a number ranging from 1 to -1 that describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. the size of the number shows the strength of the relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of inheritance in which genes are imprinted or chemically marked in such a way that one member of the pair is activated regardless of its make up |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of inheritance in which may genes influence a characteristic |
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Term
| dominate-recessive inheritance |
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Definition
| a pattern of inheritance in which under heterozygous conditions the influence of only one gene is apparent |
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Term
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Definition
| a position of the baby in the uterus that would cause the buttocks or feet to be delivered first |
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Term
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Definition
| a qualitative change in thinking feeling and behaving that characterizes a specific period of development |
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Definition
| a rating used to assess the newborn baby's physical condition immediately after birth |
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Definition
| a research design in which groups of participants of different ages are studied at the same point in time |
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Term
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Definition
| a research design in which participants are studied repeatedly and changes are noted as they get older |
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