Term
|
Definition
| To gain insight into human nature, the origin of adult behavior, the origin, pervention, and treatment of development problems, to optimize conditions of development, to give realistic expectations, to help you recognize wen departure from norms are significant, to help you understand yourself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nature/nurture, continuous/discontinuous change and platicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what you have inherited (eye color, sport ability, personality traits) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| environmental influences that shape behavior (pregnant woman’s use of cocaine during pregnancy, way parents discipline children, SES) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suggests that development proceeds in a gradual way, change is quantitative, change builds on itself. I.e. height development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suggests that change occurs in distinct stages or steps, change is qualitatively different than a change in a earlier stage. I.E. cognitive development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the idea that abilities, personality, and other human traits can change over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli are necessary for development to proceed normally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| means we are susceptible to certain environmental stimuli, but consequences of absent stimuli are reversible |
|
|
Term
| Goals of developmental science |
|
Definition
| Describe, explain, predict, influence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| just stating what happened (how long children of different ages pay attention to something à attention span gets longer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| why an event occurs, relies on theories (maybe older children have longer attention span because there are changes in the brain occurring or more practice paying attention) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| useful theories predict (if changes in the brain causes attention span length, it can be measured and tested) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the results of research provide information that can be used to make judgments (how much epilepsy changes brain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an in-depth examination of a single individual (interviews, observations, test scores). Goal: obtain as complete a picture as you can of that child |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| good at showing uniqueness, can maybe gain insight to individual factors, can lead to designing studies (different hypothesis that you can test) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cannot generalize them to others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychologist observe person in normal environment (go to daycare and watch ¾ year olds) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| research has more control because children are brought to a lab and watching them, useful for studying behaviors that do not occur in everyday life (provoking a 3 year old for an aggressive reaction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reflects everyday behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Possibility of observer biases (hitting, shoving, not slapping included in aggressive behavior), limited ability to generalize observation, behavior is different in lab, very time consuming, just because you watched someone doesn’t mean you know why it happened |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| special form of naturalistic observation (borrowed from field of anthropology to answer cultural questions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to understand a culture’s values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| live in other culture that they are trying to understand, make extensive field notes, notes form a description of community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can get unique values from culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| investigator has her own culture biases that may cause them to pick and choose what the “important” values are, cannot generalize to other populations because you are focused on one community (NY vs. WI Amish), presence of observer may change the way people behave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| correlational vs. experimental design |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gathering info on subjects, not trying to alter or manipulate them in any way. Look at relationships between |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does daycare promote friendliness between peers, grades and delinquent behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two adults arguing, didn’t resolve problem vs. two adults arguing with resolution; measure children’s reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compares people of different ages at a single point in time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how moral development changes from ages 3-5; look at group of 3,4,5; look at how they respond differently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quick and easy approach, efficient, convenient, subjects are only studied once |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differences due to experiences and circumstances that are unique to their particular generation; you cannot show change overtime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| observes the same subjects periodically over a relatively long period of time and you can show change in that group of subjects over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| her sister and infant formula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studies reveal more developmental change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| huge amount of time and money needed; selective attrition: some subjects may drop out along the way, are the kids that drop out are different than the kids that remain; practice effects: subjects who are repeatedly observed may respond/react differently; cohort effects |
|
|
Term
| Cross-sequential research |
|
Definition
| Study at least two cohorts longitudinally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Separate out the age related effects from the cohort effects, you can also make longitudinal and cross-sectional study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on children’s development over relatively short periods of time, sometimes a few hours or days; usually it is when kids are right around a developmental change so you can watch this change happen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| able to watch interesting developments over a short period of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time required for study, time required to watch child (how do you know when someone is on the edge of a developmental change), practice effects can distort findings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| code from society for research in Child Development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a theory is a broad framework or set of principles that guides the collection and interpretation of a set of facts |
|
|
Term
| Where do theories come from? |
|
Definition
| Our own experience and systematic integration of prior findings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developed by Freud in late 1800s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| things that motivate and drive behavior (id, ego, superego), we also have important instincts (sexual, aggressive instincts) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suggest that individuals that pass through stages and have specific task to “complete” during the stage, incompletion of the task leads to neurosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emphasized relationship with caregivers, spawned research with attachment with parents, emphasized case study method, given psychologists many interesting concepts to work on (ego, id, defense mechanisms) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many basic ideas are not supported by research, limited application to other populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Actions are determined largely on experiences in life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of learning from the association of stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| children operate on their environments to bring about a desired state of affairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One person observes a behavior is able to repeat that behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : can explain consistency and change, very optimistic about the possibility of change (change environment to change behavior) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Not really a developmental theory, may underestimating children’s contributions to their own development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world (how children’s thinking and understanding influences emotions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development occurs as the child acts on the world and searches for a fit between new experiences and existing schemes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| need for mental balance [equilibriumà new experiences à disequilibrium à adaption à a. assimilation or b. accommodation à new equilibrium] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when new experiences are readily incorporated into existing constructs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when constructs need to be modified based on experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emphasizes the cultural context in which we develop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nature and nurture shape development indirectly through culture; b. Children affected by many components of culture (they learn from teachers, friends, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first develop-mentalist to recognize importance of culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of research support, neglected the biological side of environment, less emphasis on children’s ability to shape their own environment |
|
|
Term
| Ecological systems theory |
|
Definition
| explains child development in terms of the interaction between children and the settings in which they live. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a change in one part of the system effects other parts of the system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everyday, immediate, environment in which child lives life (home, friends, teachers, caregivers), where most focus is on in terms of child development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides connections to the various aspects of the microsystem (think of as links on a chain; binds kids to parents, employees to bosses, students to teachers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents broader influences (societal institutions, media, government, places of worship, community), these effect but do not include the child (i.e. good benefits at parents workplace) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| larger cultural influences on an individual (religious and political value systems; i.e. needing a college degree is important à need to shift values) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporal dimension of the model, means time; involves the way the passing of time effects children’s development (how did 9/11 effect children, change from women staying at home to working at least part time) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They are the basic units of genetic information; we have approximately 20,000 |
|
|
Term
| Genes are composed of specific sequences of DNA molecules, arranged along 46 chromosomes (organized in 23 pairs) |
|
Definition
| Sperm and egg chromosomes combine to produce 23 pairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the gender (XX=girl, XY=boy; male determines gender of child) |
|
|
Term
| How do chromosomal differences between genders happen? |
|
Definition
| Importance of SRY gene, which signals the male embryo’s body to being secreting androgens |
|
|
Term
| Gender selection methods and ethics |
|
Definition
| Different approaches to try for a specific gender (often a boy): |
|
|
Term
| Importance of the right side of the body |
|
Definition
| the right side of the body is superior, it must be the right testicle that produces males; males would tie the left to inhibit sperm release |
|
|
Term
| Timing of intercourse (Shettles method |
|
Definition
| the Y sperm is thought to be faster but doesn’t last as long as the X sperm, intercourse of first day of ovulation might produce a boy, intercourse a day or two after ovulation might produce a girl. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| requires use of Dr. and lab. Example of microsort using flow cytometry (sperm are dyed with a solution and passed through a lazar, X is larger so more dye sticks to the sperm, they are sorted and IVF is used) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevalence of multiples: about 4 in 100 births |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : 2/3 of twins are dizygotic and 1/3 of twins are monozygotic |
|
|
Term
| Increase in multiple births: |
|
Definition
| 66% since 1970s because of maternal age (more likely to conceive multiples after the age 35) and the use of fertility drugs and other assisted reproduction techniques |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Asians have a lower chance, African Americans have a higher chance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less often among women with a poor diet, more likely in tall women and those who are normal and overweight |
|
|
Term
| Dominant-recessive heredity |
|
Definition
| each member of a pair of genes is referred to as an allele |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both alleles for a trait are the same |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dominate + recessive allele = |
|
Definition
| trait determined by dominate allele |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recessive trait will be shown |
|
|
Term
| Examples of traits from dominant genes |
|
Definition
| freckles, dimples, curly hair, near-sightedness, dark hair |
|
|
Term
| Examples of traits from recessive genes |
|
Definition
| flat feet, fine hair, red hair, blonde hair, straight hair, lactose intolerance, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific genetic information a person inherits that has the potential to influence observable physical or behavioral characteristics (eye color, height, intelligence, shyness) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the physical and behavioral traits that you actually exhibit (blue eyes, 5’ 10”, IQ of 120, specific level of shyness) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genotype x environmental influences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which the developing phenotype is open to influence by the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chromosomal abnormalities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when chromosome 21 fails to separate, child has 3 of chromosome 21 instead of 2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common chromosomal disorder, 1/800 births |
|
|
Term
| Age of woman’s eggs main problem |
|
Definition
| it leads to a lack of cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may be linked to advanced paternal age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cognitive disability, slower motor development, short and stocky stature, oval upward slanting eyes and square ears, epicanthic fold, higher rate of heart defects, higher rate of vision problems, hearing loss, increased incidence of Alzheimer’s disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lengthening of the eyelid over the eye |
|
|
Term
| Sex-linked abnormalities: stem from an abnormal number of sex chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effects about 1/500 males; extra X chromosome (XXY) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fail to show development in adolescence (don’t go through puberty), tend to have mild cognitive disability (particularly language skills) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| testosterone replacement therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1/1000 females has a single X (X-) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| external genitals are normal, ovaries are poorly developed, produce little estrogen, tend to be shorter, don’t menstruate, don’t go through typical puberty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| estrogen replacement therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poor in spatial skills, nonverbal memory, math; may be linked to low levels of estrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fragile X, PKU, Sickle-cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common inherited form of cognitive disability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1/4000 males, 1/6-8000 females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutation in a gene; genetic “stutter” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small section in the gene that is repeated too many times (most people have between 5-40 repeats of this section, more than 200 repeats have fragile X) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| underdeveloped ears, long/thin face, prominent forehead and chin, enlarged testicles, overly flexible joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some degree of cognitive disability (1/3 of females, majority of men), can show some autistic symptoms, delays in motor development, speech problems and anxiety and mood problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metabolic disorder that is caused by a double dose of a recessive gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Child’s body will not produce the enzyme that breaks down the amino acid phenylalanine (high levels of phenylalanine will build up and cause brain damage) |
|
|
Term
| Good example of genetics and environment working together |
|
Definition
| if caught at birth they can be put on a special diet to avoid brain damage (no meat, fish, eggs, milk, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder caused by a double dose of a recessive gene; blood disorder that causes swollen joints heart/kidney problems, early death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| example of a dominate gene disorder (if you have the gene you will definitely develop Huntington’s) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (involuntary jerking, contracture of the muscles, muscle rigidity, impaired posture and balance), |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficulty planning and organizing tasks, lack of flexible thinking, lack of impulse control, difficulty focusing on task for sustained periods, difficultly in learning new info), |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (depression, OCD, bipolar) due to changes in the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no idea that you have it until you have symptoms in 40s or 50s and gradually worsen overtime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 10 and 30 years until death, no cure, just treatment to manage symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Genetic counseling and testing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Testing prior to conception |
|
Definition
| you can be tested to see if you or partner is a carrier, calculate the odds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| test to see if child will be conflicted |
|
|
Term
| Genetic counseling process |
|
Definition
| create a family tree of genetics, test parents, and then sit down with them and discuss the risks of having a child with a genetic disorder. They can only provide stats about risk, they cannot promise a healthy child or make the decision for the parents |
|
|
Term
| Controversial issues regarding testing |
|
Definition
| Controversial issues regarding testing |
|
|
Term
| When should a person be tested? |
|
Definition
| Focus is on whether a disorder is treatable or not, if is treatable à early testing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gene for breast cancer (5% of inherited cases); women who carry gene and have history of breast cancer have 90% risk of developing risk |
|
|
Term
| Treatable vs. untreatable diseases |
|
Definition
| : typically do not work with teens/adolescence because it inhibits their goals for a future, there is also a fear of discrimination in career, insurance, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 15% cannot conceive after one year of trying (depends on age of people involved) |
|
|
Term
| Artificial (donor) insemination (DI) |
|
Definition
| when infertility is caused when there is a problem in sperm quality or production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taking donor sperm and inserting it into vagina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as effective as intercourse (20% in any given month, if having unprotected sex) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific sperm banks that have been created (eye color, IQ, height, medical conditions, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| In vitro fertilization (IVF) |
|
Definition
| if both eggs and sperm are normal but infertility is caused by fallopian tubes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ovulation is induced by meds that cause multiple eggs to be released, doctors harvest eggs, eggs are mixed with sperm in a lab dish and allowed to fertilized in an incubator, the fertilized egg is inserted into the woman’s uterus |
|
|
Term
| Fertilization vs. implantation rates |
|
Definition
| fertilization rate is high, implantation is low |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gamete intrafallopian transfer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| same as IVF except you don’t wait for sperm and egg to fertilize, allow it to fertilize in the fallopian tubes (fertilization in woman’s body therefore accepted in Catholic Church); also eliminates ethical dilemma about how many eggs to implant during IVF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| zygote intrafallopian transfer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fertilized egg is transferred into fallopian tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many eggs to do women have? |
|
Definition
| Born with 1 million ova, by the time of puberty only 300 thousand remain. Of those eggs, 3-400 will be ovulated during reproductive lifetime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by about age 30 women have lost 85-90% of their eggs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| once every 28 days, egg is released from ovaries and pushed through the fallopian tubes toward the uterus. If it meets a sperm in the tube then fertilization takes place |
|
|
Term
| How many sperm do men produce each day? |
|
Definition
| Several hundred million sperm a day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when it enters vagina through the cervix, goes through fallopian tube to fertilization; most do not survive journey |
|
|
Term
| How long can sperm and ovum survive in woman’s body? |
|
Definition
| Up to 6 six days, Ovum: one day |
|
|
Term
| Periods of prenatal development |
|
Definition
| germinal, embyonic, and fetal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs during the first 2 weeks post-conception |
|
|
Term
| Description of first 8-10 days |
|
Definition
| the zygote moves slowly through fallopian tube to uterus, if zygote enters uterus too soon or too late it will be destroyed because the environment is not prepared |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blastocyst: one week after conception it separates into two masses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serves as intermediary between mom and fetus (oxygen, nourishment) |
|
|
Term
| Description of days 10-14 |
|
Definition
| when developing organism implants, as many as 60% fail to implant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : occurs between weeks 3-8 |
|
|
Term
| Amnion surrounds the embryo |
|
Definition
| thin, transparent, tough membrane that is full of fluid to cushion fetus |
|
|
Term
| Child has three distinct layers during this period |
|
Definition
| ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer layer of embryo, will form skin, hair, teeth, sense organs, the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner layer of embryo, produces digestive system, liver, pancreas, and respiratory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer in between, forms muscles, bones, blood and circulatory systems |
|
|
Term
| Two patterns of body development |
|
Definition
| occurs all the way through childhood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development proceeds from the head down (head to tail pattern), arm buds appear before the legs buds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development proceeds from the middle out (near to far pattern), upper arm before the forearm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when pregnancy ends before the developing child is able to survive outside the womb; developing child is detached from the wall of the uterus and is expelled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| about 15-20% end in miscarriage (many who have miscarriages don’t realize they are having one) |
|
|
Term
| After 8th week after conception |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs from the 9th week to birth |
|
|
Term
| Increases in length and weight |
|
Definition
| : 1 to 20 inches, and .02 to 7.1 pounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at 2 mos. the fetus is ½ head, at 5 mos. the head is ¼ of its total size |
|
|
Term
| Organs become different differentiated and begin to function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases about 6x in size and develops many new neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by 4 mos. the mother can feel the movement of the child, called “quickening”, for many first time moms it may not be until 5 mos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fetus registers experiences in last two months of development, especially sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sucking could turn on tape of reading, they would suck to hear mom read cat in the hat, wouldn’t suck to hear a different story or a stranger |
|
|
Term
| In 8th month a layer of fat is added |
|
Definition
| fetus receives antibodies from mom’s blood (a newborns immune system is not functioning as well as it will be in a few months) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : age at which the fetus has a least some chance survive outside of the uterus, about 22 weeks after conception; the odds of survival are much greater for at least 28 weeks old |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| babies born at 23-26 weeks you have about a 2/3 chance survival |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they haven’t developed layer of fat so they cannot regulate their own temperature, their lungs are also not fully developed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agent or condition that can impair prenatal development, and lead to birth defects or even death |
|
|
Term
| The impact of the teratogen depends on the genotype of the organism |
|
Definition
| heredity can make some more susceptible than others to teratogens (with dizygotic twins, one may be impacted with FAS and the other is fine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces defects in humans but not rats and rabbits; less than 25% of women who used drug had child with defects |
|
|
Term
| The impact of the teratogens changes over the course of prenatal development |
|
Definition
| different kinds of growth occur during growth periods, teratogens have different impacts during these times (12 mo. pregnancy) |
|
|
Term
| Each teratogen affects a specific aspect of prenatal development |
|
Definition
| exposure to rubella affects eyes, ears, heart |
|
|
Term
| Susceptibility to teratogens depends on mom’s physiological state |
|
Definition
| mom’s age, nutrition, uterine condition, balance of hormones (risk of malformation is highest when mom is younger than age 20 and older than 40) |
|
|
Term
| Damage from teratogens is not always evident at birth, but may appear later in life |
|
Definition
| : child may be born healthy but discover later that there was damage |
|
|
Term
| Diethylstilbestrol (DES) example |
|
Definition
| women prone to miscarriage were prescribed DES, allowed women to carry baby to term and have normal babies; later in life girls had vaginal cancer and boys had testicular cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coke babies, born addicted to cocaine, needed to go through detox; once they went through withdrawal they were fine. When they followed kids that went to school researchers found they had learning difficulties and attention problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caffeine, Nicotine, Alcohol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : most common used by pregnant women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no evidence for link to malformations in fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with increased rate of miscarriage and low birth weight |
|
|
Term
| Advised to limit to a healthy amount |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many pregnant women smoke? |
|
Definition
| (2009) about 14% of women in US smoke while pregnant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : low birth weight (1/2 lb. lighter than should be) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : increased rate of miscarriage, prematurity, developing asthma, cancer, higher rates of learning problems, increased chance of ADHD, lower IQs, slower language development |
|
|
Term
| Men who smoke are more likely to produce abnormal sperm |
|
Definition
| babies of fathers who smoke have the same problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3rd most commonly abused drug |
|
|
Term
| Alcohol crosses the placental membrane almost immediately |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fetal alcohol spectrum prevalence |
|
Definition
| 3x as many kids who are affected by this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slow physical growth, facial abnormalities, brain injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory, language and communication, attention span, planning and reasoning, motor coordination and social skills |
|
|
Term
| How much alcohol is too much? |
|
Definition
| It depends, its difficult to determine so doctors recommend that mom does not drink any alcohol |
|
|
Term
| How many pregnant women drink? |
|
Definition
| 1991-2005) 10-12% of women drink during pregnancy; 2% were binge drinking |
|
|
Term
| Reasons women drink while pregnant? |
|
Definition
| ? Alcoholics, conflicting news reports (healthy for heart and cardiovascular system), women who are more likely to drink also smoke, unmarried, college educated women are more likely to drink, employed, annual incomes <$50,000/year |
|
|
Term
| Importance of 12-mo. pregnancy |
|
Definition
| women who stop when they know they are pregnant also have risks for motor problems, only 40% of women realized they are pregnant by the 4th week |
|
|
Term
| Prenatal care/post-conception testing |
|
Definition
| Sonogram, multiple marker screen, amniocentesis, CVS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ultrasound images are produce via echoes, help with fetal age, multiple pregnancy, gender |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| performed between 15 and 18 weeks, maternal blood test that can tell if fetus is at an increased risk for Down’s, spina-bifida, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 15-20th week, examines amniotic fluid which contains fetal cells |
|
|
Term
| Chorionic villus sampling (CVS |
|
Definition
| ): 8-11 weeks, removing small amounts of tissue from the placenta, more beneficial because it is earlier |
|
|
Term
| Advantages of Prenatal Care |
|
Definition
| protection against teratogens, assurance that fetus is developing appropriately |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood pressure increases sharply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lasts 12-14 hours for first pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fetus is moving into position (baby drops) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stronger, longer contractions; this is typically when pain meds are given (4cm-8cm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shortest, most intense phase; 1-2 hours; when head of fetus moves into vagina (10cm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| begins when cervix is fully dilated; lasts for about 50 minutes for a first baby |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delivery of the placenta; after uterus begins to shirk to normal size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defined as when the infant weights >5.5lbs at birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : 8% of all infants are low birth-weight |
|
|
Term
| Low birth-weight is the major factor associated |
|
Definition
| with the death of infants in the first 4 weeks of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prematurity (2/3rds of low birth-weight) and fetal growth restriction (small for gestational age), may be full term but still underweight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic health problems in the mom (high blood pressure, heart/lung problems), smoking, alcohol, and illicit drug use, young mom (24% of all LBW are born to teenagers, due to poor nutrition), weight gain (4x more common among women who gain less than 15lbs during pregnancy; recommendation is 25-35lbs), marital status (unmarried women are 2x as likely to have LBW than married women), prenatal care (women who do not receive prenatal care are much more likely to have a LBW baby) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : a physician delivers a baby by abdominal surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fetal distress, breech position of fetus (1/25 births, feet first, increases the chance of squeezing/wrapping the cord), planned C-sections (25%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : allergic reaction, infection, accidental injuries to other organs/fetus, excessive blood loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| standard measurement system used for a newborn to assess health |
|
|
Term
| Five signs of health scored |
|
Definition
| with a 0,1, or 2 on each sign: 0-10 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 minute and again at 5 minutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity level, rate of breathing |
|
|
