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Details

Development Early Childhood
Weeks 1-2 of course
140
Social Work
Graduate
01/20/2015

Additional Social Work Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
The important stage theories, and thier creators, of early childhood development (ages 3-6)
Definition

1. Erikson "Initiative versus guilt"

2. Freud "Phallic"

3. Piaget "preoperational" phase

4. Kohlber "Pre-conventional"

Term

Initiative Versus Guilt

 

Definition

According to Erikson children in this stage

1. Get satisfaction from completing tasks

2. Focus on family relationships and roles

3. Develop gender identity

4. Develop immaginations and have fantasies and learn to handle guilt regarding their fantasies.

 

 

Term
Psychosocial Development
Definition
Is explained by Erickson's Initiative versus guilt phase
Term
Phallic phase- superego development
Definition
Occurs between the ages of 3-6; pleasure is sought by focusing on the genetiles.
Term
Psychosexual development
Definition
The phallic phase explains this type of development
Term

Preoperational phase- pre-conceptual and intuitive

(ages 2-7)

Definition
The child remains primarily egocentric but discovers rules (regularities) that can be applied to new incomming information. The child tends to overgeneralize rules, however, and thus makes many cognitive errors.
Term
Pre-conventional morality phase
Definition
The childs primary motivation is to avoid punishment and receive rewards
Term
Moral Development
Definition
Explained by Kohlberg's Pre-conventional morality phase
Term
Manor physical developments between 3-6 YO
Definition

1. Slowed physical growth

2. Increased brain growth

Term
Major cognitive developments during the early childhood period (3-6 YO)
Definition

1. Improved Language

2. Improved Reasoning, use of concepts, memory

3. Increased Social Cognition

Term
Improved Language in early childhood period 3-6 YO
Definition

a. Learns around 50 words by 16-20 months

b. Increases language about 50 words per month (3-6)

c. Influenced and cultivated by environment

d. Most children speak skillfully by 5 or 6

 

Term

Improved reasoning, use of concepts, memory

3-6 YO

Definition

a. Development of cognitive skills of concentration - focus on one peice of information at a time

b. Appearance-reality problem-equating superficial appearance with reality

c. Selective attention and more distracted

d. Memory not as developed as with older children

e. " Zone of proximal Development"-an area barely within child's potential but can be realized with proper suport.

f. Can weigh future consequences and problem solve around obstacles

g. Able to concentrate and do more than one thing at a time.

h. Begins to understand reversability

Term
Increased Social cognition in early childhood 3-6 YO
Definition
a. Improvements in memory and cognitive skills leads to better understanding of social world.
Term

"Theory of mind"

 

Definition

1. Defined as child's grasp of reality beyond empirical knowledge or what has been observed or experienced

2. Included theoretical knowledge or explanations based on constructs not observed.

3. Begins to understand that others have a separate mind and different thoughts- early development of mentalization

 

Term


Personality and Emotional Development 3-6 YO

 

Definition

1. Understand that others have different motivation from self

2. Seperate perspectives are useful for communication

3. Development of aggression

a. Instrument agression ("I want this")

   b. Hostile agression (aimed to hurt someone in particular)

4. Begins to develop self control and direct emotional expression

5.  Better able to tolerate frustration and control tantrums

6. Delays gratification better, forgoing immediate rewards

7. Begins to develop self esteem

8. Adapts to situations (increased flexibility) and ability to modify self restraint based on changing context.

9. Internalizes behavioral standards.

10. Develops self esteem and constancy

Term

Moral Development

3-6 YO

Definition

1. An internalized moral sense, integrating society's values and standards into own world view and self-concept

2. Develops"prosocial" behavior- empathy and altruism

3. becomes aware of how others around them feel and learns to empathisize with others.

4. Mirror neurons play role in this phase of development

 

Term
Mirror Neurons
Definition

1. Allow us to sense the move another person is about to make and the emotions he or she is experiencing.

2. Allow us to feel what the other person feels.

 

Term
The Role of Play
Definition

1. The primary method of dealing with conflict, mastering freightening and painful situations

2. particularly resolves conflicts, feelings regarding parents

3. Important for parents to enter child's drama through playing

4. Serves to "role play" social roles

 

Term
Parenting in early childhood
Definition

1. Parental warmth and responsiveness remain central to development of empathy and social compttence

2. Consistency in child-rearing practives and discipline are crucial at this time

3. Parents need flexible self-control

4. Parents need to be responsive to child's changing abilities

Term
Autharitarian
Definition
Cold, Harsh, discipline; physical force; few explanations
Term
Authoratative
Definition
Warm, nurturing, positive reinforcement, rational and firm limits
Term
Permissive parenting style
Definition
Warm and friendly, but without directions
Term
Parental abuse and Neglect
Definition

1. Leads to child's aggression, social withdrawl, peer difficulties, low self-esteem, lack of coherent self, inability to describe feelings, emotional disturbances, disorganized attachment


Term
The effects of physical neglect
Definition
Related to major health consequences and lack of competence
Term
Verbal abuse
Definition
Results in low self-esteem, poor school adjustment
Term
Sexual abuse (seductive care)
Definition
Is associated with hyperactivity and attention problems
Term
Risks to healthy early development
Definition

1. Poverty

2,. Ineffective discipline

3. Poor parental education

4. Parental psychopathology

5. Divorce

6. Trauma

Term

Protective Factors during early child development

 

Definition

1. Social supports and peer affiliations

2. Positive parent-child relationships

3. Effective parenting

4. Intelligence

5. Temperment

6. Self esteem and secure attachment

7. Resiliency

 

Term
Resiliency  Factors
Definition

Leads to

1. Intelligence and problem solving ability

2. Female gender

3. External factors and social supports

4. Secure parental attachment

5. Easy temperament

6. Peer affiliations

Term

Stage Theories of Middle Childhood

(ages 7-11)

 

Definition

1. Erikson (industry versus inferiority)

2. Freud (Latency Phase)

3. Piaget (Concrete operational)

4. Kohlberg (Pre-conventional and conventional morality)

 

Term
Industry Versus inferiority

Definition

Psychosovial development

1. Capacity to cooperate and create develops; result is sense of either mastery or incompetence.

 

Term

Latency Phase

(ages 7-11)

Definition
1. Sexual instincts become less dominant; superego develops further.
Term
Highlights  of Middle-Childhood
Definition

1. A time of building competence and sense of mastery

2. A time of cognitive transitions

3. A time of social expansion

4. A time of integrating a sense of self

5. A time of continuity with the past; e.g., securely attached toddlers become preschoolers who are competent with peers, popular, and well-adjusted in elementary school

 

Term
Middle childhood cognitive development
Definition

1. Has advanced cognitive reorganization

2. Sees more complexity underlying reality

3. Thinks about own knowledge and thoughts

4. Has stronger understanding of conservation concepts

5. Increases classification skills

6. Increases memory abilities;e.g., increased storage capacityand performance

Term

Gardners (1983) theory of multiple intelligence- 7 basic intellectual competencies.

Definition

a. Linguistic  intelligence

b. Musical intelligence

c. Logical-mathematical intelligence

d. D[atopa; omte;;ogemce

e/ Npdo;u-kinesthetic intelligence

f. Intrapersonal intelligence

g. Interpersonal intelligence

 

Term

Influence of heredity and environment

 

Definition

Genes set outer limits of traits and abilities; environment determines where person falls

Enriching deprived environment can increase IQ performance

Term

Cultural bias

 

Definition

a. It is important to appreciate within cultures as well as between

b. Children flourish most when schooled within their own culture

 

Term

Social Interaction affects cognitive development

 

Definition

A. Cooperative learning from each other

B. Didactic learning from teacher

c. All forms of learning crucial to effective cognitive development

Term

Middle Childhood Social Development Major Areas

 

Definition

1. Development of Social Self

2. Socialization at school

3. Peer relationships

4. Family relationships

 

Term
Middle Childhood Socialization at School
Definition

a. Cooperation and prosocial behavior learned

b. Reinforcement of cultural norms and values

c. Reinforcement of traditional gender-role learning; e.g., subtle discouragement of intellectual achievement in girls

d. Unequal experience of members of nondominant groups related to racism and classism

 

Term
Middle Childhhod Peer Relationships
Definition

a. Increasingly important due to time peers spend together

b. By age 11, time with peers surpasses time with family

c. Important due to learning opportunities, especially about reciprocity, cooperation, and fairness

d. Status and acceptence becomes desireable

 

Term

Qualities of Middle Childhood peer relationships

 

 

Definition

1. Loyal clos friendships are formed

2. Friendship networks are formed

3. Coordination of friendships within group interaction is learned

4. Peer group norms of rules of conduct take precedence

5. Boundaries of gender-segregated groups are maintained

 

Term

Middle childhood family relationships

 

Definition

Dramatic change in parent-child relationships due to advancing cognitive abilities, but parent's role as monitor still critical

 

Term

Positive parental traits during middle childhood


Definition

a. Authoritative parenting

b. Fairness in resolution of disagreement and diminished conflict over parent and child goals

c. Understanding, caring, and responsive parenting

Term
Marital Conflict during Middle Childhood
Definition
1. A key cause of developmental problems
Term
Quality of Sibling relationships during middle childhood
Definition

1. siblings influence learning about relationships

2. Quality of sibling relationships influenced by age, gender, stress, personality, parental treatment.

Term
Middle Childhood Emotional Development
Definition

1. Emergence of psychological self

2. More complex understanding of emotions

3. Deepening moral development

4. Growing sense of gender internally and socially

 

Term
More complex understanding of emotions during middle childhood
Definition

a. Adept at masking personal emotions

b. Capable of empathy for others

Term
Deepening of moral development during middle childhood
Definition

a. Guilt, self reproach, self-blame felt when they do not meet internalized standards

b. Moral principles of culture become known

Term
Special middle childhood challenges
Definition

a. Divorce and family disruption

b. Family and community violence

c. Poverty

D. Mixed ethnicity and biculturalism

e. Physical disabilities

f. Attention deficits and developmental disorders.

Term
Allen Schore (1997)
Definition

"The beginnings of living systems indelibly set the stage for every aspect of an organism's internal and external functioning throughout the lifespan...At present all major throreticians are placing developmental concepts at the foundation of their clinical models."

 

Term
Infertility
Definition

1. A challenge to conception; it is both a disease and a life crisis

2. Affects 6.1 million people in U.S. or 1 in 10 couples

3. Affects every race, religious backgoround, and socioeconomic level

4. Over 1 million people seek treatment yearly

5. There are over 40 different  ways to have a baby without intercourse

Term

Conception


Definition

1. Occurs 2 weeks post menstrual cycle; from event to birth is generally 38 weeks

2. Genetic events at this time are essential for heredity and future development

Term
Biological
Definition
Term
Take place in fixed order and in fixed time intervals
Definition
The Development of the fetus in utero
Term
The Germanil Stage
Definition
Conception to implantation; 10-14 days
Term
The Fetal Stage
Definition
Refining organsystems; the final 7 months
Term
The Embryonic Stage
Definition

Support structures and organ systems form; 6-10 weeks

 

Term
At 12 weeks of fetal development
Definition
Sex of child; muscles; eyelids, lips, toes, fingers develop
Term
At 16 weeks of development
Definition
fetal movement; bones begine to develop, ears develop
Term
At 20 weeks of development
Definition
hair growth; thumb sucking; fetus looks human
Term
At 24 weeks of development
Definition
Eyes form, fingernails, sweat glands, taste buds fat deposits under skin; capable of breathing
Term
At 28 weeks of development
Definition
Nervous, blood, and breathing systems develop
Term
At 29-40 weeks of development
Definition
Interconnections between nerve cells; weight added
Term
"Transition to Parenthood"
Definition
Pregnancy is termed a
Term
"Me-ness" to "We-ness"
Definition
A shif that occurrs during pregnancy
Term
Common psychological reactions to pregnancy
Definition

A. Pleasantly surprised, enthusiastic, acceptnce of fate, ambivalent, shocked

B. May be viewed as dreadful illness, period of refuge, or inconvenience

 

Term
Common psychosocial phases of pregnancy
Definition

a. 1st trimester- "Is it really true?"

b. 2nd trimester- "Yes!We are really pregnant and we are going to have a baby!"

3. 3rd trimester-" My baby will be...?"

 

 

Term
Braselton (1996)
Definition
"Parental experiences have been incorperated into the developing brain and have been fueling the development of the brain. We now know that nutrition, infection, drugs and psychological experiences of the mother are indeed transmitted to her fetus and affect both the current behavior and developmental potential of he child."
Term
Influences on prenatal development
Definition

a. Genetic errors

b. Teratogens

c. Diet, age, emotional state of the mother

d. Health factors of mother and/or father

e. Sex differences

f. Social class and cultural differences

Term

Genetic errors


Definition

3-8% of all fertilized ova

1% of newborns have abnormalities

Term
Teratogens
Definition

a. diseases and drugs of the mother

b. substances that may harm a developing organism

Term
Low Birth Weight
Definition
Stress and anxiety are linked to
Term
Protective factors for pregnancy include
Definition

a. Childbirth education

b. Hospital/optimal health care

c. Breastfeeding

d. Positive family response

e. Mother's emotional stability

f. involvement of partner

g. Especially, social support

 

 

Term
Risk factors for pregnancy
Definition

a. Rapid discharge from hospital

b. Newborns with low birth weight and or/premature birth

c. Maternal smoking, drug, and alcohol use.

d. Psychosocial vunerability of mother

e. Especially, inadequate social support

 

Term
Risks and traumas of childbirth include
Definition

1. Cesarean section delivery

2. Low birth weight

3. Birth anomalies or anoxia

4. Infant death

5. Poor transition to parenthood

6. Unwanted/unsupported pregnancy

7. post partum depression

8. Death of mother

 

Term
Winnicott 1960
Definition
"There is no such thing as an infant! Whenever there is an infant, one finds maternal care, and without maternal care, there would be no infant."
Term
The meaning of Wincotts 1960 statement
Definition

1. The interaction between caregiver and infant is exquisitely intertwined

2. Infants rely on others and can only function in a supportive holding or facilitating environment

3. Infants require a caregiving matrix to be well-regulated, but this regulation is really co-regulation

4. During infancy and toddlerhood, the parent-infant relational experience is central

Term
Wincotts states of infant emotional development
Definition

1. Absolute dependence

2. Relative dependence

3. Object Relating

 

 

Term
Absolute Dependence
Definition

a. A period of absolute helplessness in the 1st 3 months

b. Requires fundamental caregiving activities that facilitate growth and development

c. Includes profound mutuality between infant and caregivers

d. Leads to integration or consolidation of emerging self

 

Term
Relative dependence
Definition

a. From 3-6 months, beginnings of co-regulation and reciprocal exchange

b. Infant learns ways to soothe self and retain internal image of the good-enough caregiver.

Infant goes through period of experienceing the caregiver as good (gratifying and loving) or bad (hating and frustrating)

Term

Object Relating


Definition

a. By 6-9 months, infant begins to relate to others and recognizes differences between  familiar and unfamiliar individuals.

b. Has developed special relationships with a primary caregiver who provides safety through a holding environment

c. During this period , infant may have transitional objects, which serve as an inanimate symbolif caregiver that evokes soothing maternal presence and helps the infant regulati the anxiety of separation.

d. Transitional phenomena could also be used for soothing the infant; examples are babbling or sleep rituals

 

Term
Daniel Siegel (1999)
Definition

"Interperonal experience plays a special organizing role in determining the developmento f brain structure early in life and the ongoing emergence of brain function throughout lifespan...Patterns of communication literally shapre the structure of the child's developing brain."

b. Attachment quality impacts emotional development, cognitive development, behavior, and resilience

Term
Attachment quality
Definition
Inpacts emotional development, cognitive development, behavior, and resilience
Term
Emotional Development (ages 1-3)
Definition

1. A phase of moving toward independence and becoming a seperate person from parents through developing individual adaption

2. Can tolerate longer seperations from parents by 18 months

3. Develops "affective sharing: through smies, looks, words

4. Experiments with mastery over objects

5.  Develops executive competence

6. Develops and awareness and mental representation of self and others in years 2-3

Term

Development ages 1-3

Self recognition tied to cognitive development

Definition

1. "I do it!" is a common assertion

2. Begins to understand others and develops social referencing

3. Recognizes others have separate roles, intentions, and aims

4. Develops assertion of own will and even emergence of deviance- awareness of when they are doing something or about to do something forbidden

5. Develops new "self-conscious" emotions such as positive self evaluation and shame.

 

Term
Guided self regulation
Definition
Parents need to allow space and support for the child to explore
Term
Risk factors for toddler abuse
Definition

Temperment and/or developmental disabilities can have a negative influence on parent-child relationship

Difficult child temperment places child at higher risk for abuse and neglect

Parental history of unresolved attachment and trauma creates risk for child abuse, causing trans-generational transmission of abuse and trauma.

Term

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)

 

Definition

The birth of the "test tube baby," in 1978 initiated a new era in infertility management and reearch.

Involves the recovery of eggs following hormonal treatment to induce ovulation

Term
Chromosomes
Definition
are essential components of heredity prossess. Genetic instructions are coded and found in each cell' contains deoxyriboneucleic acid, that contain the codes producing particular traits and dispositions.
Term
Germ cell
Definition
Ovum or sperm
Term
Fertilization
Definition
the parents' chromosomes combine to make a total of 46 chromosomes arreyed in 23 pairs
Term
Cohort effects
Definition
Historical time produces distinctive formative experiences that are shared at the same point in the life course and have a lasting impact on a birth cohort
Term
Variable expresivity
Definition
Genes manifest differently in different people. The expression of some disorders appears to be influenced by the interplay of psychological, social, political, economic, and other environmental factors.
Term
Genetic heterogeneity
Definition
The same characteristic may be a consequence of mutations or other defects in more than one gene. Common in diseases such as Alzheimer's and polycystic kidney diseases.
Term
Pleitropy principle
Definition

The sam gene may influence seemingly unrelated systems. One example is the disease phenylketonuria; caused by a mutation in a single gene but causes such disparate traits as mental retardation and reduced hair and skin pigmentation

 

Term
Epigenetics
Definition
Another dimension of heritability that points to environmental factors tha influence gene expression (phenotype) without changing the genetic makeup of the person (genotype)
Term
Dominant Genes
Definition
Traits governed by these genes (normal blood clotting, curly hair, thick lips) will be expressed if one or both paired chromosomes have the gene..
Term
Recessive genes
Definition
Traits (hemophelia, baldness, thin lips) will only be expressed if the responsible gene is present on each chromosome of the relevant pair.
Term

Fetal viability

 

Definition
The point at which the baby could survive outside the womb
Term
Genes
Definition
segments of DNA that contain the codes for producing particular traits.
Term
The life course perspective
Definition
The interplay of human lives and historical time, timing of lives, linked or interdependent lives, human agency in making choices, diversity in life course trajectories, and developmental risk and protection.
Term
Gestation
Definition
The length of maturation time from conception to birth, it averages 280 days with a range of 259 days to 287 days
Term
Life course event
Definition
Incident or event that is brief in scope but is influential on human behavior.
Term
Neonate
Definition
Infant up to one month of age
Term
Trajectories
Definition
Long-term patterns of stability and cange based on unique person-environment configurations over time
Term
Transitions
Definition
Changes in roles and statuses that represent a distinct departure from prior roles and statuses
Term
Zygote
Definition
A fertilized ovum cell
Term
Blooming
Definition
A period of overproduction of brain synapses during infancy, followed by a period of synapse pruning
Term
Piaget (ages 7-11)
Definition
the concrete operations stage. Children begin to use logical reasoning at this stage, yet their thinking is not yet abstract.
Term
Developmental niche
Definition
The cultural context into which a particular child is born; guides every aspect of the developmental process
Term
Formal Operations Stage
Definition
The fourth and final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, generall experienced in adolescence. Involves the capacity to apply hypothetical reasoning and to use symbols to solve problems.
Term
Infant
Definition
A young child in the first year of life
Term
Preconventional level of moral reasoning
Definition
The first level of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's stage theory of moreal reasoning; morality based on what gets rewarded or punished or what benefits either the child or someone the child cares about.
Term
Preoperational stage.
Definition
The second stage in piaget's theory of cognitive development. Young children (ages 2-7) use symbols to represent their earlier sensorimotor experiences. Thinking is not yet logical at this stage.
Term
Pruning
Definition
Reduction of brain synapses to improve the efficiency of brain functioning; folows a period of blooming of synapses.
Term
Sensory motor stage
Definition
The first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Infants (ages 0-2 years) learn through sensory awareness and motor activities.
Term
Sensory system
Definition
The system of sense: hearing, sight, taste, smell, tough, responsiveness to the body;s position, and sensitivity to pain
Term
Symbolic functioning
Definition
The ability to think using symbols to represent what is not present
Term

Temperment

 

Definition
A person's disposition and primary behavioral characteristic
Term
Toddler
Definition
A child from about 12 to 36 months of age
Term
Authoritarian parenting style
Definition
A parenting style, identified by Baumrind, that involves unresponsive and, inflexible, harsh, and controlling interactions with the child
Term
Authorative parenting
Definition
A parenting style, identified by Baumrind, that involves responsive and supportive interactions with the child while also setting firm limits. Thought to ne the most effective parenting style
Term
Dicipline
Definition
Action taken by a child's caretaker to help the child correct behavioral problems.
Term
Lateralization
Definition
Process in which the two hemispheres of the brain begin to operate slightly differently during early childhood
Term
Relational agression
Definition
Agression that involves behaviors that damage relationships without physical force, such as threatening to leave a relationship unless a friend complies with demands, or using soial exclusion or the silent treatment to get one's way.
Term
Self-theory
Definition
An organized understanding of the self in relation to others' begins to develop in early childhood
Term
Sociodramatic play
Definition
Fantasy play in a group, with group coordinating fantasies; important type of play in early childhood.
Term
Symbolic play
Definition
Begins around the age of 2
Term
Transductive reasoning
Definition
Reasoning from one particualr event to another particular event rather than in a logical cuasal manner.
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