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| the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities. |
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| preschools and kindergartens in which teacher structure children's learning, teaching academic skills through formal lessons, often using repetition and drill |
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| the mathematical principle that the last number in a counting sequence indicatces the quanity of items in the set |
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| the tendency to focus on one aspect f a situation and neglect other important features |
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| preschools and kindergartens in which teachers provide a wide variety of activities from which children select, and much learning takes place through play |
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| the understanding that certain physical characteristics of object remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes |
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| viewing a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol |
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| failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one's own |
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| young children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences |
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| adult responses that elaborate on chidren's speech, increasing its complexity |
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| connecting a new word with an underlying concept after only a brief encounter |
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| a curve that represents overall changes in body size-rapid growth during infancy, slower gains in early and middle childhood, and rapid growth once more during adolescence. |
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| shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise featuers of communication |
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| Hierarchical classification |
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| the organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences between the groups |
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| the inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point. |
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| deliberate mental activities that improve the likelihood of remembering |
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| a principle specifying order relationships between quantities such as three is more that two ad two is more than one |
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| application of regular grammatical rule to words that are exceptions |
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| the practical, social side of language that is concerned with how to engage in effective and appropriate communication with others |
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| Piaget's second stage in which rapid growth in representation takes place. 2-7 years |
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| self directed speech that children often use to plan and guide their own behavior |
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| a growth disorder observed between 2 and 15. characterized by very short stature decreased GH secretion immature skeletal age and serious adjustment problems |
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| adult responses that restructure children's incorrect speech into a more mature form |
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| adjusting the qullity of support during a teach session to fit the child's current level of performance. Direct instruction is offered when a task is new , less help is provided as competence increases |
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| general descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation. a basic means through which children organize and interpret their everyday experiences |
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| the make-believe play with other that is under way by age 2 1\2 and increases rapidly during the next few years |
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| Thyroid-stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyrocine which is necessary for grain development and body growth |
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| a type of gender identity in which the person scores high on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics |
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| a form of true social participation in which children are engages in separate activities but they interact y exchanging toys and comment on one another's behaviors |
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| a form of true social participation in which children's actions are directed toward a common goal. |
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| the understanding that sex is biologically based and remains the same even if clothing, hairstyle, and play activities change |
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| an image of oneself as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics |
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| an information processing approach to gender typing that combines social learning and cognitive-developmental features to explain how environmental pressures and childran's cognition work together to shape gender-role development. |
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| any association of objects, roles, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural sterotypes |
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| aggression intended to harm another individual |
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| a sense of self as knower and actor |
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| a type of discipline in which the effects of the child's misbehavior on others are communicated to the child |
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| In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of middle childhood, which is resolved positively when experiences lead children to develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks |
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| aggression aimed at obtaining an object, privilege, or space with no deliberate intent to harm another person |
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| Matters of personal choice |
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| concerns that do not violate rights, are not socially regulated, and therefore are up to the individual |
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| the sense of self about qualities that make you unique |
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| standards that protect people's rights and welfare |
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| unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play |
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| playing similar things but not interacting |
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| a type of hostile aggression that harms others through physical injury. |
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| Prosocial, or altruistic, behavior |
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| actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self |
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| parental behaviors that intrude on and manipulate children's verbal expressions, individuality and attachments to parents |
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| a form of hostile aggression that damages another's peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip, or friendship manipulation. |
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| the sum total of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is |
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| an aspect of self-concept that involves judgments about one's own worth and the feeling associated with those judgments |
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| customs determined solely by consensus, such as table manners |
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| feelings of concern or sorrow for another's plight |
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| a form of mild punishment in which they are sent to their room |
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| a type of hostile aggression that harms others through threats of physical aggression, name-calling or hostile teasing |
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| Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder |
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Definition
| a childhood disorder involving inattentiveness, impulsive, and excessive motor activity |
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Definition
| mental representation of familiar large scale spaces such as neighborhood or school |
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| Cognitive self-regulation |
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Definition
| the process of continuously monitoring progress towards a goal, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts |
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| Concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| Piaget's third stage during which thought is logical flexible and organized in its application to concrete information |
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Definition
| a classroom that is based on the educational philosophy that students construct their own knowledge. Kids do what they want |
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| thinking that involves arriving at a single correct answer to a problem. math |
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| the ability to produce work that is original yet appropriate |
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| the generation of more that one answer to a problem |
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| a stable ordering of group members that predicts who will win when conflict arises |
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| an approach consistent with Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development, where you test a kid to see what they can do |
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| Educational self-fulfilling prophecy |
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Definition
| the idea that children may adopt teachers' positive or negative attitudes toward them and start to live up to these views |
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Definition
| the memory strategy of creating a realtion between two or more items that are not member of the same catagory |
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| individual differences in the capacity to process and adapt to emotional information. |
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| placement of students with learning difficulties in regular classrooms for the entire school day |
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| exceptional intellectual ability |
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| specific learning disorders that lead children to achieve poorly in school despite average or above average intelligence. |
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| placement of students with learning difficulties into regular classrooms for part of the school day |
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| substantially below-average intellectual functioning resulting in an IQ between 55 and 70 and problems in adaptive behavior or skills or everyday living |
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| a greater than 20 percent increase over average body weight based on the individuals age sec and physical build |
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| in Piaget's theory the internal rearrangement and linking together of schemes so that they form a strongly interconnected cognitive system. |
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Definition
| an approach to beginning reading instruction that emphasizes simplified reading material and training in the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds |
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Definition
| the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language, as indicated by sensitivity to changes in sounds within words and to incorrect pronunciation |
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| questioning summarizing clarifying and predicting text passages |
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Definition
| the ability to think through a series of steps in a problem and then mentally reverse direction. |
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| a form of peer interaction involving friendly chasing and play fighting that in our evolutionary past man have been important for the development of fighting skills |
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Definition
| the ability to order items along a quantitative dimension such as length or weight |
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| Social-constructivist classroom |
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Definition
| children learn by doing things together in a classroom |
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| the fear of being judges on the basis of a negative stereotype which can trigger anxiety that interferes with performance |
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Definition
| outstanding performance in a specific feild |
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| Theory of multiple intelligences |
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Definition
Gardner's theory which identifies eight independent intelligences on the basis of distinct sets of processing operations that permit individuals to engage in a wide range f culturally valued activities, Linguistic, logico-mathmatical, musical, spatial, bodily,
naturalist, interpersonal, intrapersonal |
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Definition
| the teacher is the giver of knowledge, students are there to listen |
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Definition
| the ability to seriate mentally |
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| Triachic theory of successful intelligence |
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Definition
| sternberg's theory which state that intellget behavior involve balancing analytical intelligence, creative intellgence, and practical intelligence to achieve success in life according to one's personal goals |
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Definition
| an approach to beginning reading instruction that parallels children's natural language learning and keeps reading materials whole and meaningful |
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| Blended or reconstituted families |
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Definition
| a family structure resulting from cohabitation or remarriage that includes parent child and step relatives |
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| a transitional form of supervision in which parents exercise general oversight while permitting children to be in charge of moment by moment decision making |
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| beliefs about how to divide resources fairly |
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| a series of meetings between divorcing adults and a trained professional who tries to help them settle disputes. |
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Definition
| a strategy for managing emotion in whic the individual controls distress internally and privately when little can be done about an outcome |
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| Industry versus inferiority |
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Definition
| In Erikson's theory the psychological conflict of middle childhood which is resolved positively when experiences lead children to develop a sense of competence at useful skills and task s |
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Definition
| a child custody arrangement following divorce in which the court grants each parent equal say in important decisions about the child's upbringing |
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Definition
| attributions that credit success to external factors such as luck and failure to low ability |
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| Mastery-oriented attributions |
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Definition
| attributions that credit success to high ability and failure to insufficient effort. |
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| children who are seldom choosen |
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| likability or the extent to which a child is viewed by a group of age mantes as a worthy social partner |
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Definition
| collectives that generate unique values and standards for behavior and social structure of leaders and followers |
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| a destructive form of peer interaction in which certain children become frequent targets of verbal and physical attacks or other forms of abuse |
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Definition
| the capacity to imagine what other people may be thinking and feeling |
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| an intense, unmanageable fear that leads to persistent avoidance of the feared situation |
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| popular antisocial children |
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| popular Prosocial children |
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Definition
| combine social and academic |
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| a strategy for managing emotion i which the child appraises the situation as changeable identifies the difficulty and decides what to do about it |
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| children who look after themselves while their parents are at work |
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| judgments of one's own abilities behavior appearance and other characteristics in relation to those of others |
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