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Developing Brain Midterm III
Terms from Lecture 5
38
Science
Undergraduate 3
10/19/2010

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Term
Embryogenesis
Definition
Development of an embryo. A multicellular organism from just a cell. Transition from a one celled to multicellular organism
Term
Cleavage
Definition
Cell division of the cytoplasma leading to the partitioning of the egg.
Term
Placenta
Definition
Structure that forms the interface between the embryo/fetus and the mother. It is through what the resources needed for continued growth are recieved from the mother. It originates from the trophoblast (the outer layer of the blastocyst...
Term
Gastrulation
Definition
Process through which early cells shift in organization to form three distinct layers of cells that will go on to develope other tissue. (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
Term
Neural Induction
Definition
Process through which the ectodermal cells are induced into becoming neuroblasts and not epidermal.
Term
Endoderm
Definition
Innermost layer of cells that will develop into the digestive lining
Term
Mesoderm
Definition
Middle layer of cells that go on to develop muscle and skeletal tissue... The notochord is also formed out of mesoderm cells
Term
Ectoderm
Definition
Exterior-most layer of cells that gives rise to the nervous tissue and skin
Term
Epithelial cells
Definition

Skin cells... the other fate of ectoderm besides nervous tissue

???

Term
Animal and vegetal poles
Definition
Early embryos are divided into animal and vegetal poles. the Animal pole will give rise to ectodermal cells while the vegetal pole will give rise to endodermal cells. The area in between gives rise to mesodermal cells.
Term
Delamination
Definition
Neural induction process in drosophila through which neuroblasts are formed. A neurogenic region produces neuroblasts thare swell into the embryo. Aeschute scuti genes and notch delta pathways are activated to promote proneural genes and silence them from neighboring cells
Term
Blastula
Definition
Early embryonic stage prior to implantation where embryoblast/trophoblast start forming
Term
Neuroblasts
Definition

Cells that go on to generate neurons

???

Term
Blastopore
Definition

Small invagination in the blastula... gastrulation invagination occurs dorsal to the blastopore

(in frogs?)

Term
Neural Plate
Definition
In vertebrate embryos, this is the dorsal region above the primitive streak composed of ectodermal cells that will go on to produce neural cells. During neural induction, the plate rolls up into the neural tube, causing the tube to internalize and seperate from the rest of the ectoderm.
Term
Invagination
Definition
Process part of gastrublation through which mesodermal cells are internalized
Term
Notochord
Definition
Chord derived from mesodermal cells. It is important in the ventralization of the neural tube as it excretes Shh.
Term
Blastoderm
Definition

Area on top of egg yolk

????????????

Term
Neural Crest Cells
Definition
Cells in the border region of the ectoderm/neural tube cells. These are internalized during the formation fo the nural tube but not included in the neural tube itself. They remain flanking it and will generate the PNS
Term
Primative Streak/groove
Definition

blastopore-like structure which marks the site of invagination of future mesoderm cells.

The neural tube forms from ecotodermal cells above the primitive streak

Term
Neural tube
Definition
Ectodermal cells of the neural plate that are internalized. They form the CNS... and has three zones.
Term
Dorsal lip
Definition
In frogs, it is the region where invagination begins. Transplantation of it causes a tadpole with two nervous structures
Term
Noggin
Definition
Protein expressed in the cells of the dorsal lip of the blastopore and responsible for neural induction. (Inhibits Bone morphogenic protein which itself promtoe sepidermal tissue)
Term
Neurogenic Region
Definition
Ectodermal region in drosophila from which neuroblasts are generated
Term
Chordin
Definition
Another protein expressed int he dorsal lip that can induce neural development (also works by inhibiting BMP)
Term
Blastocoel
Definition
Blastocyst cavity... where a blastocyst is a blastula that has implanted
Term
Follistatin
Definition
reproductive hormone that also induces neural development by inhibiting BMP and also inhibiting activin.
Term
Activin
Definition
Activin sends signal via its receptor to induce epidermal tissue. Its inactivation gives rise to neural tissue
Term
Blastocyst
Definition
Blastula that has implanted
Term
Bone Morphogenic Protein
Definition
BMP... Protein that induces epidermal tissue... its inhibition by chordin, noggin, follistatin induces neural tissue
Term
Proneural clusters
Definition
clusters of cells in the neurogenic region of drosophila. In these clusters, one cell will become a neuroblast in process of delamination.
Term
Achaete scute
Definition
proneural gene that forms part of the delamination process. In proneural clusters, it is activated which promotes other proneural genes in that cell but also actiates the notch-delta pathway in other neighboring cells so their proneural genes are silenced. Only once cell in the cluster will become a neuroblast.
Term
Notch-Delta/Lateral Inhibition
Definition
Process taking part in the delamination process. Delta surface proteins activate the notch receptors in neighboring cells which causes a silencing/supression of proneural genes in those cells... a cell laterally inhibits the proneural genes in neighboring cells.
Term
Homeobox (Hox) genes
Definition
Genes for transcription factors that are located in the chromosome in topographic organization of where active. These transcription factors are crucial for proper segmentation of the nervous system
Term

Segmentation of the neural tube...

 

Definition

Crucially influenced by Hox genes

????

Term
Retinoic Acid
Definition
derivative of vitamin A that can cause birth defects... is though to be involved in Hox regulation
Term
Sonic Hedgehog
Definition
Shh is a protein produced by the notochord that induces a ventralization of the neural tube
Term
Roof/floorplate
Definition
Dorsal/ventral (respectively) regions of the neural tube that partake in dorsalization/ventralization of other structures in the neural tube/wiring.
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