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Develop Psych Final
Final Exam
154
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
12/07/2017

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
deinstitutionalization of marriage
Definition
the decline in marriage and the emergence of alternate family forms that occurred during the last third of the twentieth century
Term
serial cohabitation
Definition
living sequentially with different partners outside of marriage
Term
odds of cohabitation, living together before getting married
Definition
2 out of 3
Term
arranged marriages
Definition
unions in which parents choose their children's spouse
Term
homogamy
Definition
the marriage market for less-well-educated young people is poor
Term
U-shaped curve of marital satifsaction
Definition
the most common pathway of marital happiness in the West, in which satisfaction is highest at the honeymoon, declines during child-rearing years, then rises after the children grow up
Term
triangular theory of love
Definition
Robert sternberg's categorization of love relationships into three facets: passion, intimacy, and commitment. When arranged at the points of a triangle, their combinations describe all the different kinds of adult love relationships
Term
fertility rate
Definition
the average number of children a woman in a given country has during her lifetime
Term
marital equity
Definition
fairness in the "work" of a couple's life together. If a relationship lacks equity, with one partner doing significantly more than the other, the outcome is typically marital dissatisfaction
Term
breadwinner role
Definition
traditional concept that a man's job is to support a wife and children
Term
nurturer father
Definition
husband who actively participates in hands-on child care
Term
traditional stable career
Definition
a career path in which people settle into their permanent life's work in their twenties and often stay with the same organization until they retire
Term
boundaryless career
Definition
today's most common career path for western works, in which people change jobs or professions periodically during their working lives
Term
Holland's six personality work types
Definition
realistic, investigative, artistic, social, entrepreneurial, and conventional type
Term
realistic type
Definition
people who enjoy manipulating machinery or working with tools
Term
investigative type
Definition
these people like to find things out through research, analyzing, and information
Term
social type
Definition
these people enjoy helping others
Term
entrepreneurial type
Definition
these people like to lead others and have organizational goals
Term
conventional type
Definition
these people have a passion for manipulating data
Term
intrinsic career rewards
Definition
work that provides inner fulfillment and allows people to satisfy their needs for creativity, autonomy, and relatedness
Term
extrinsic career rewards
Definition
work that is performed for external reinforces, such as pay
Term
role overload
Definition
a job situation that places so many requirements or demands on workers that it becomes impossible to do a good job
Term
role conflict
Definition
a situation in which a person is torn between two or more major responsibilities for instance, parent and worker and cannot do either job adequately
Term
family-work conflict
Definition
a situation in which people, typically parents, are torn between the demands of family and work
Term
occupational segregation
Definition
the separation of men and women into different kinds of jobs
Term
Erikson's psychosocial stages
Definition
middle adulthood-generativity versus stagnation
Term
generativity
Definition
in erikson' theory, the seventh psychosocial taks, in which people in midlife find meaning from nurturing the next generation, caring for others, or enriching the lives of others through their work. According to Erikson, when midlife adults have not achieved generativity, they feel stagnant, without a sense of purpose in life
Term
hedonic happiness
Definition
well-being defined as pure pleasure
Term
eudaimonic happiness
Definition
well-being defined as having a sense of meaning and life purpose
Term
commitment script
Definition
in Dan McAdam's research, a type of autobiography produced by highly generative adults that involves childhood memories of feeling special; being unusually sensitive to other's misfortunes;having a strong, enduring generative mission from adolescence;and redemption sequences
Term
crystallized intelligence
Definition
A basic fact of intelligence, consisting of a person's knowledge base, or storehouse of accumulated information
Term
fluid intelligence
Definition
a basic facet of intelligence, consisting of the ability to quickly master new intellectual activities
Term
allostatic load
Definition
an overall score of body deterioration, gained from summing how a person functions on multiple physiological indexes. Allostatic load predicts cognitive performance during adult life
Term
terminal drop
Definition
a research phenomenon in which a dramatic decline in an older person's scores on vocabulary tests and other measures of crystallized intelligence predicts having a terminal disease
Term
selective optimization with compnsation
Definition
Paul Baltes's three principles for successful aging: -Selective focusing on what is most important,
-working harder to perform well in those top-ranking areas, and
-relying on external aids to cope reflectively
Term
family watchdogs
Definition
a basic role of grandparents, which involves monitoring the younger family member's well-being and intervening to provide help in a crisis
Term
care giving grandparents
Definition
grandparents who have taken on full responsibility for raising their grandchildren
Term
divided-attention task
Definition
a difficult memory challenge involving memorizing material while simultaneously monitoring something else
Term
memory-systems persective
Definition
a framework that divides memory into three types: procedural, semantic, and episodic memory
Term
procedural memory
Definition
in the memory-systems perspective, the most resilient type of memory; refers to material, such as well learned physical skills, that we automatically recall without conscious awareness
Term
semantic memory
Definition
In the memory-systems perspective, a moderately resilient type of memory; refers to our ability to recall basic facts
Term
episodic memory
Definition
in the memory-systems perspective, the most fragile type of memory, involving the recall of the ongoing events of daily life
Term
mnemonic technique
Definition
a strategy for aiding memory, often by using imagery or enhancing the emotional meaning of what needs to be learned
Term
socioemotional selectivity theory
Definition
a theory of aging put forth by Laura Cartensen, describing how the time we have left to live affects our priorities and social relationships. Specifically, in later life people focus on the present and prioritize being with their closest attachment figures
Term
paradox of well-being
Definition
the fact that despite their physical and mental losses, the elderly report being just as happy or happier than the young
Term
positive effect
Definition
the tendency for older people to focus on positive experiences and screen out events
Term
integrity
Definition
Erik Erikson's eighth psycho social stage, in which elderly people decide that their life missions have been fulfilled and so accept impending death
Term
social security
Definition
the U.S. government's national retirement support program
Term
private pensions
Definition
the major source of non governmental income support for U.S. retirees, in which the individual worker and employer put a portion of each paycheck into an account to help finance retirement
Term
age descrimination
Definition
illegally laying off workers or failing to hire or promote them on the basis of age
Term
age descrimination
Definition
illegally laying off workers or failing to hire or promote them on the basis of age
Term
old-age dependency ratio
Definition
the fraction of people over age 60 compared to younger, working age adults. This ratio is expected the rise dramatically as the baby boomers retire
Term
inter generational equity
Definition
balancing the needs of the young and old. Specifically, often referred to as the idea that U.S. government entitlements, such as Medicare and Social Security, 'over benefiting' the elderly at the expense of other age groups
Term
widowhood mortality effect
Definition
the elevated risk of death among surviving spouses after being widowed
Term
normal aging changes
Definition
the universal, often progressive signs of physical deterioration intrinsic to the aging process
Term
chronic disease
Definition
any long-term illness that requires ongoing management. Most chronic diseases are age-related and are the endpoint of normal aging changes
Term
ADL or activities of daily living problems
Definition
difficulty in performing everyday tasks that are required for living independently. ADLs are classified as either basic or instrumental
Term
instrumental ADL problems
Definition
difficulty in performing everyday household tasks, such as cooking and cleaning
Term
basic ADL problems
Definition
difficulty in performing essential self care activities, such as rising from a chair, eating, and getting to the toilet
Term
presbyopia
Definition
age-related midlife difficulty with near vision, caused by the inability of the lens to bend
Term
presbycusis
Definition
age-related difficulty in hearing, particularly high-pitched tones, caused by the atrophy of the hearing receptors located in the inner ear
Term
elderspeak
Definition
a style of communication used with an older person who seems to be physically impaired, involving speaking loudly and with slow, exaggerated pronunciation, as if talking to a baby
Term
reaction time
Definition
the speed at which a person can respond to a stimulus. A progressive increase in reaction time is universal to aging
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
an age related chronic disease in which the bones become porous, fragile, and more likely to break. Osteoporosis is most common in thin women and so most common in females of European and Asian descent
Term
major neurocognitive disorder
Definition
also known as dementia. the general term for any illness involving serious, progressive, usually irreversible cognitive decline, that interferes with a person's ability to live independently.
Term
vascular neurocognitive disorder
Definition
a type of age-related neuro cognitive disorder caused by multiple small strokes
Term
neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer disease
Definition
a type of age-related neuro cognitive disorder characterized by neural atrophy and abnormal by-products of that atrophy, such as senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
Term
neurofibrillary tanlges
Definition
long, wavy filaments that replace normal neurons and are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease
Term
senile plaques
Definition
thick, bullet like amyloid-laden structures that replace normal neurons and are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease
Term
medicare
Definition
the U.S. government's program of health insurance for elderly people
Term
alternatives to institutionalization
Definition
service and setting designed to keep older people who are experiencing age=related disabilities that don't merit intense 24-hour care from having to enter nursing homes
Term
continuing care retirement community
Definition
a housing option characterized by a series of levels of care for elderly residents, ranging from independent apartments to assisted living to nursing home care. People enter the community in relatively good health and move to sections where they can becomes disabled
Term
assisted-living facility
Definition
a housing option providing care for elderly people who have instrumental ADL impairments and can do no longer live independently but may not need a nursing home
Term
day-care program
Definition
a service for impaired older adults who live with relatives, in which the older person spends the day at a center offering various activities
Term
home health services
Definition
nursing-oriented and housekeeping help provided in the home of an impaired older adult
Term
nursing home/long-term care facility
Definition
a residential institution that provides shelter and intensive care giving, primarily to older people who need help with basic ADL's
Term
certified nurse assistant or aide
Definition
the main hands-on care provider in a nursing home who helps elderly residents with basic ADL problems
Term
A major reason young people at the lower SES levels get married is a lack of
Definition
well paying jobs
Term
According to the U-shaped curve of marital satisfaction, what two groups tend to have the most marital satisfactions?
Definition
honeymoon and elderly couples
Term
today, mothers, including working and single mothers, spend (blank) with their children compared to the mothers in the 1950's.
Definition
more time
Term
women have more (blank) careers than men, and earn (blank) than men
Definition
erratic, less
Term
when studying "generative priorities" across the lifespan, researchers found that (blank) rated very low on the scale
Definition
emerging adults
Term
the model of aging that suggests that you should focus on activities most important to you and let less important activities go, and rely more on external aids is called the
Definition
selective optimization with compensation model
Term
the number of (blank) grandparents has (blank) in recent years
Definition
care giving, doubled
Term
according to the information processing perspective, memory deteriorates with age because of (blank) lobe deterioration
Definition
frontal
Term
of the three memory systems (blank) memory is most susceptible to deterioration with aging
Definition
episodic
Term
those in late adulthood screen out (blank) events and focus more on (blank) events
Definition
negative, positive
Term
in the baby boomer generation, (blank) out of (blank) people say they will work after age 65 primarily
Definition
2 out of 3
Term
when a person has lost a spouse, he or she is most apt to rely on (blank) for support
Definition
friends
Term
the environmental cause of hearing loss as we age is
Definition
exposure to noise
Term
as people get older it becomes more difficult to see objects that are close up. This is called
Definition
presbyopia
Term
having a double copy of the (blank) genetic marker doubles the chance of getting Alzheimer's during the young-old years
Definition
APOE-4
Term
intimacy vs. isolation
Definition
6th stage- seek to find someone to share life with and make commitment-if not successful risk profound loneliness
Term
theory of love: intimacy
Definition
feelings of closeness
Term
theory of love: passion
Definition
forms of arousal that lead to physical attraction
Term
theory of love: decision/commitment
Definition
decide you love someone; commit to maintaining that love
Term
communication issues in a marriage
Definition
-decrease negativity, focus on positive
-don't use contempt/personal put downs
-don't get into a demand withdrawal pattern
Term
similarities in marriage
Definition
shared long-term goals (importance of children, career, religion)
Term
commitment in marriage
Definition
-be dedicated to the relationship
-forgive, sacrifice, compromise (expect this from your partner as well)
Term
factors affecting adjustment to parenting
Definition
-social support from spouse, family, friends
-parents' evaluation of the marriage and pregnancy
-baby's characterisitcs
Term
family as a system in parenthood
Definition
the family consists of interrelated parts, each of which affects and is affected by each other part and each of which contributes to the functioning of the whole
Term
most common reason for divorce
Definition
marriages are lacking in communication, emotional fulfillment, or compatibility
Term
highest risk for divorce
Definition
-young adults: 20s and 30s
-married about 7-10 years
-married as teenagers
-had short courtship
-conceived a child before marrying
-fewer commonalities
Term
work
Definition
-reach a plateau
-emphasize family more become more satisfied with work
-mentoring the younger workers
-burnout
-disillusioned and exhausted by the demands of a job- especially one that involves helping others
Term
midlife changes in senses
Definition
physical changes
-hearing
-vision
women at midlife
-menopause
-average age 51
-lasts about 6 years
-caused by drop in estrogen
-only 10 percent require medical treatment
Term
midlife transition
Definition
farrell and rosenberg
-studied 300 middle aged mean
-12% midlife crisis life goaless and empty
-30% expressed dissatisfaction: blamed jobs, marriage, children
-26% denied anything was wrong: but had many complaints
-32% crisis free satisfied with life
Term
women at midlife are
Definition
-relatively little age related stress
-more likely to be depressed at 30 that at 40 or 50
-midlife is a time of growth
Term
aging parents
Definition
-1/3 of elderly unable to care for selves in last years
-4 times more likely to be cared for by family than in nursing homes
-care often falls to middle aged women
Term
stress
Definition
-adverse physical and emotional reaction to demands put on the individual by unsettling conditions or experiences
-people experiences less stress or are better at handling it during middle age
Term
personality
Definition
tends to stay the same during middle adulthood
Term
big five personality traits
Definition
neurotic-ism, extroversion, openness,agreeableness, conscientiousness
Term
neuroticism
Definition
anxious, moody, to calm, poised
Term
extroversion
Definition
outgoing, sociable, too quiet, reserved
Term
openness
Definition
imaginative, curious, close-minded
Term
agreeableness
Definition
good natured, easy going to irritable, uncooperative
Term
conscientiousness
Definition
organized, responsible to irresponsible
Term
health
Definition
-under age 44 highest cause of death is accidents
-over age 44 leading cause of death is cancer and heart disease
Term
relativism
Definition
understanding that knowledge depends on a person's perspective
Term
Perry's stages
Definition
dualistic, relativism, commitment
Term
dialectical thinking
Definition
-the ability to uncover and resolve contradictions between opposing ideas
-riegel
Term
Schaie's longitudinal study
Definition
-began in Seattle in 1956
-sample ranged in age from 22-70
-retested and added a new sample every 7 years
Term
One skill that does decrease is speed
Definition
-between 20-60 average adult slows 20% in basic reaction time
-can make up for this loss with experience
Term
Returning students
Definition
-more women than men return to college
-1.5 million women over the age of 35
Term
agism
Definition
prejudice against the aged
Term
demographics
Definition
people are living longer, population pyramid is becoming a rectangle
Term
young/old
Definition
deals with health and involvement
Term
old/old
Definition
health problems and lack of involvement
Term
Erikson's last stage
Definition
integrity v. despair
Term
integrity
Definition
if the person feels their life has meaning and have done the best they could
Term
despair
Definition
if they only see mistakes in their life and have a need to reflect
Term
integrity v. depsair
Definition
a person considers whether their life has had a meaning and has been fulfilling
Term
cognitive changes
Definition
multi directional, memory, long term memory
Term
tertiary memory
Definition
memory for things that happened years/decades ago-remains in tact
Term
explicit memory
Definition
facts, definitions
Term
implicit memory
Definition
procedures, riding a bike, baking
Term
working memory
Definition
most likely to decline with age, multi tasking difficult, more difficult to screen distractions
Term
long term memory
Definition
vocabulary, happy experiences, areas of expertise, metaphors
Term
reasons for age related changes
Definition
stereotyping, health, motivation, frontal lobe changes
Term
stereotyping
Definition
expect to lose intellectual abilities, this affects memory self-efficacy
Term
cognitive development later in life
Definition
aesthetic sense, philosophy turn of minds, wisdom
Term
socio emotional selectivity theory
Definition
in later life people focus on the present and spending time with their closest family and friends
Term
changes in appearance
Definition
can get up to 1 inch shorter
Term
changes in sense
Definition
glaucoma
Term
sleep
Definition
wake up on average 10 times a night
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
bones become more porous, fragile, and more likely to break
Term
theories of aging
Definition
wear and tear, cellular theories, genetic, immune system deficiency
Term
cellular theories
Definition
-DNA exposure to harmful agents
-free radicals which are unpaired electrons rip into other tings and cause damage to DNA
Term
hayflick limit
Definition
number of times cells divide until they stop dividing and aging shows
Term
instrumental ADL
Definition
problems with tasks needed to live independently
Term
basic ADL
Definition
problems with self-care
Term
dementia
Definition
severely impaired thinking, memory, or problem solving ability
Term
causes of dementia
Definition
-Alzheimer disease
-vascular dementia
-over medication
Term
Alzheimer's
Definition
-in late adulthood affects 1 in 20
-3 million people in the U.S.
-exercise, sleep benefit for delaying Alzheimer
-no cure
Term
vascular dementia
Definition
caused by multiple small strokes
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