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Definition
| the standards of conduct that investigators are bound to honor to protect their participants from physical or psychological harm |
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| the belief that one's own group and its culture are superior -- this creeps into their research designs, procedures and measures. |
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Term
| socioeconomic status (SES) |
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Definition
| the status in society of an individual or family based on such indicators as occupational prestige, education and income |
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Definition
| a combination of the cross-sectional approach and the longitudinal approach in a single study |
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Definition
| the performance of one cohort of individuals is assessed repeatedly over time. |
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Definition
| the performance of people of different age groups, or cohorts, are compared. |
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Term
| time of measurement effects |
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Definition
| the effects of historical events and trends occurring when the data are collected. |
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Definition
| a group of people born at the same time, either in the same year or within a specified span of years. |
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Definition
| the effects of being born as a member of a particular generation in a particular historical context. |
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Definition
| the effects of getting older |
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Definition
| the results of multiple studies addressing the same question that can be synthesized to produce overall conclusions. |
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Term
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Definition
| a measurement of the extent to which individuals’ scores on one variable are systematically associated with their scores on another variable |
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Term
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Definition
| involves determining whether two or more variables are related in systematic way. |
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Definition
| an experiment-like study that evaluates the effects of different treatments, but does not randomly assign individuals to treatment groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| describes all factors other than the independent variable are controlled or held constant so that they cannot contribute to differences among the treatment groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Participants that are assigned to different experimental conditions (for example, by drawing names from a jar) is a way of making the treatment groups similar in all respects at the outset (in previous tendencies to be aggressive or helpful, on socioeconomic status, and in all other individual characteristics that affect social behavior). |
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Definition
| The variable that is not manipulated during an experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The variable manipulated so that its causal effects can be assessed – have differing effects on the behavior expected to be affected, the dependent variable in the experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
| An investigator manipulates or alters some aspect of the environment to see how this affects the behavior of the sample of individuals studied. |
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Definition
| The creation of special conditions designed to elicit the behavior of interest. |
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Definition
| monitoring people in their common, everyday surroundings. |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by identifying all members of the large population and then, by a random means (such as drawing names blindly), selecting a portion of that population to study |
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Term
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Definition
| A well defined group ( such as premature infants, American high school students, or Chinese elders) from which the sample is drawn and about which we want to draw conclusions. |
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Definition
| The group of individuals being studied. |
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Definition
| Theories that generate specific predictions. |
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Definition
| A set of concepts and propositions intended to describe and explain certain phenomena. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is both a method and an attitude – a belief that investigators should allow their systematic observations (or data) to determine the merits of their thinking. |
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Term
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Definition
| This refers to the capacity to change in response to positive or negative environmental influences. |
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Definition
| The concept of thinking and believing about the study of human development. |
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Definition
| the study of aging and old age. |
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Term
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Definition
| A time of emotional, physical, and mental changes during a life-span period. |
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Definition
| An in-depth examination of an individual that often involves compiling and analyzing information from a variety of sources, such as observation, testing, and interviewing the person or people who know him or her – it is still used today. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reports by scholars about their own children’s growth and development that have been published. |
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Definition
| A huge number of people that were born between 1946 and 1964 that moved through middle age. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that changes in people and their environments occur in a time frame and unfold in particular patterns or sequences over a person’s lifetime. |
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Definition
| A period that extends from age 18 to age 25, when young people are neither adolescents nor adults. |
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Term
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Definition
| he traditional period between childhood and adulthood that begins with puberty and ends when the individual has acquired adult competencies and responsibilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| The shared understandings and way of life of a people, including beliefs and practices concerning the nature of humans in different phases of life span, what children need to be taught to function in society. |
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Term
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Definition
| These consist of linkages involving social settings that individuals do not experience directly but that can still influence their development. |
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Term
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Definition
| This consist of the interrelationships or linkages between two or more Microsystems. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large cultural context in which the microsystem, mesosystem, and esosystem are embedded. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is an immediate physical and social environment in which the person interacts face-to-face with other people and influences and is affected by them. |
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Definition
| A development to stress how biology and environment interact to produce development. |
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Definition
| The process through which experience (that is, environmental stimuli) brings about relatively permanent changes in thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| All the external physical and social conditions, stimuli, and events that can affect us, from crowded living quarters and polluted air, to social interactions with family members, peers, and teachers, to the neighborhood and broader culture context in which we develop. |
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Definition
| the biological unfolding of the individual according to the plan contained in the genes (the hereditary material passed from parents to child at conception). |
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Definition
| The question of how biological forces and environmental forces act and interact to make us what we are. |
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Definition
| a person’s sense of when things should be done and when he or she is ahead of or behind the schedule dictated by age norms. |
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Term
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Definition
| these are society’s way of telling people how to act their age. |
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Term
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Definition
| a socially defined age group that is assigned different statuses, roles, privileges, and responsibilities while in a society. It is also know as: “age stratum”. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves more than biological ______; it refers to a range of changes, positive and negative, in the mature organism. |
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Definition
| The deterioration of organisms (including humans) that leads inevitably to their death. |
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Definition
| The physical changes that occur from conception to maturity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes and carryover in personal and interpersonal aspects of development, such as motives, emotions, personality traits, interpersonal skills and relationships, and roles played in the family and in the large society. |
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Definition
| Changes in continuities in perception, language, learning, memory, problem solving, and other mental processes. |
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Definition
| The growth of the body and its organs, the functioning of psychological systems, physical signs of aging, changes in motor abilities, and so on. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is defined as systematic changes and continuities in the individual that occur between conception and death, or from “womb to tomb”. |
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