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Devel Psyc Chapter 1 Terms
Chapter 1: Life-Span Human Development
57
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
01/21/2009

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Term
research ethics
Definition
the standards of conduct that investigators are bound to honor to protect their participants from physical or psychological harm
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
the belief that one's own group and its culture are superior -- this creeps into their research designs, procedures and measures.
Term
socioeconomic status (SES)
Definition
the status in society of an individual or family based on such indicators as occupational prestige, education and income
Term
sequential design
Definition
a combination of the cross-sectional approach and the longitudinal approach in a single study
Term
longitudinal design
Definition
the performance of one cohort of individuals is assessed repeatedly over time.
Term
cross-sectional design
Definition
the performance of people of different age groups, or cohorts, are compared.
Term
time of measurement effects
Definition
the effects of historical events and trends occurring when the data are collected.
Term
cohort
Definition
a group of people born at the same time, either in the same year or within a specified span of years.
Term
cohort-effects
Definition
the effects of being born as a member of a particular generation in a particular historical context.
Term
age-effects
Definition
the effects of getting older
Term
meta-analysis
Definition
the results of multiple studies addressing the same question that can be synthesized to produce overall conclusions.
Term
correlation coefficient
Definition
a measurement of the extent to which individuals’ scores on one variable are systematically associated with their scores on another variable
Term
correlational method
Definition
involves determining whether two or more variables are related in systematic way.
Term
quasi experiment
Definition
an experiment-like study that evaluates the effects of different treatments, but does not randomly assign individuals to treatment groups.
Term
experimental control
Definition
describes all factors other than the independent variable are controlled or held constant so that they cannot contribute to differences among the treatment groups.
Term
random assignment
Definition
Participants that are assigned to different experimental conditions (for example, by drawing names from a jar) is a way of making the treatment groups similar in all respects at the outset (in previous tendencies to be aggressive or helpful, on socioeconomic status, and in all other individual characteristics that affect social behavior).
Term
dependent variable
Definition
The variable that is not manipulated during an experiment.
Term
independent variable
Definition
The variable manipulated so that its causal effects can be assessed – have differing effects on the behavior expected to be affected, the dependent variable in the experiment.
Term
experiment
Definition
An investigator manipulates or alters some aspect of the environment to see how this affects the behavior of the sample of individuals studied.
Term
structured observation
Definition
The creation of special conditions designed to elicit the behavior of interest.
Term
naturalistic observation
Definition
monitoring people in their common, everyday surroundings.
Term
random sample
Definition
formed by identifying all members of the large population and then, by a random means (such as drawing names blindly), selecting a portion of that population to study
Term
population
Definition
A well defined group ( such as premature infants, American high school students, or Chinese elders) from which the sample is drawn and about which we want to draw conclusions.
Term
sample
Definition
The group of individuals being studied.
Term
hypothesis
Definition
Theories that generate specific predictions.
Term
theory
Definition
A set of concepts and propositions intended to describe and explain certain phenomena.
Term
scientific method
Definition
It is both a method and an attitude – a belief that investigators should allow their systematic observations (or data) to determine the merits of their thinking.
Term
plasticity
Definition
This refers to the capacity to change in response to positive or negative environmental influences.
Term
life-span perspective
Definition
The concept of thinking and believing about the study of human development.
Term
gerontology
Definition
the study of aging and old age.
Term
storm and stress
Definition
A time of emotional, physical, and mental changes during a life-span period.
Term
case study methods
Definition
An in-depth examination of an individual that often involves compiling and analyzing information from a variety of sources, such as observation, testing, and interviewing the person or people who know him or her – it is still used today.
Term
baby biographies
Definition
Reports by scholars about their own children’s growth and development that have been published.
Term
Baby Boom Generation
Definition
A huge number of people that were born between 1946 and 1964 that moved through middle age.
Term
chronosystem
Definition
The idea that changes in people and their environments occur in a time frame and unfold in particular patterns or sequences over a person’s lifetime.
Term
emerging adulthood
Definition
A period that extends from age 18 to age 25, when young people are neither adolescents nor adults.
Term
adolescence
Definition
he traditional period between childhood and adulthood that begins with puberty and ends when the individual has acquired adult competencies and responsibilities.
Term
culture
Definition
The shared understandings and way of life of a people, including beliefs and practices concerning the nature of humans in different phases of life span, what children need to be taught to function in society.
Term
exosystem
Definition
These consist of linkages involving social settings that individuals do not experience directly but that can still influence their development.
Term
mesosystem
Definition
This consist of the interrelationships or linkages between two or more Microsystems.
Term
macrosystem
Definition
A large cultural context in which the microsystem, mesosystem, and esosystem are embedded.
Term
microsystem
Definition
It is an immediate physical and social environment in which the person interacts face-to-face with other people and influences and is affected by them.
Term
bioecological model
Definition
A development to stress how biology and environment interact to produce development.
Term
learning
Definition
The process through which experience (that is, environmental stimuli) brings about relatively permanent changes in thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.
Term
environment
Definition
All the external physical and social conditions, stimuli, and events that can affect us, from crowded living quarters and polluted air, to social interactions with family members, peers, and teachers, to the neighborhood and broader culture context in which we develop.
Term
maturation
Definition
the biological unfolding of the individual according to the plan contained in the genes (the hereditary material passed from parents to child at conception).
Term
nature-nurture issue
Definition
The question of how biological forces and environmental forces act and interact to make us what we are.
Term
social clock
Definition
a person’s sense of when things should be done and when he or she is ahead of or behind the schedule dictated by age norms.
Term
age norms
Definition
these are society’s way of telling people how to act their age.
Term
age grade
Definition
a socially defined age group that is assigned different statuses, roles, privileges, and responsibilities while in a society. It is also know as: “age stratum”.
Term
aging
Definition
involves more than biological ______; it refers to a range of changes, positive and negative, in the mature organism.
Term
biological age
Definition
The deterioration of organisms (including humans) that leads inevitably to their death.
Term
growth
Definition
The physical changes that occur from conception to maturity.
Term
psychosocial development
Definition
Changes and carryover in personal and interpersonal aspects of development, such as motives, emotions, personality traits, interpersonal skills and relationships, and roles played in the family and in the large society.
Term
cognitive development
Definition
Changes in continuities in perception, language, learning, memory, problem solving, and other mental processes.
Term
physical development
Definition
The growth of the body and its organs, the functioning of psychological systems, physical signs of aging, changes in motor abilities, and so on.
Term
development
Definition
Is defined as systematic changes and continuities in the individual that occur between conception and death, or from “womb to tomb”.
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