Term
| What period of life does the study of human development cover? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three broad domains of development? |
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Definition
physical development
cognitive development
psychosocial development |
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Term
| What are the three major periods of the life span? |
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Definition
childhood
adolescence
adulthood
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Term
| When did adolescense become recognized as a distinct period of the life span? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does age grade refer to? |
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Definition
socially defined age groups or strata
each with different statuses, roles, privileges, and responsibilities in a society
(freshman, soph, jun, senior in HS) |
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Term
| What are age norms and why are they important? |
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Definition
expectations about what people should be doing or how they should behave at different points in their life span
influence people's decisions about how to live, how to adjust to life transitions (is it the right time or not to have a baby?) |
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Term
| How is social clock defined? |
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Definition
| a personal sense of when things should be done in life and when the individual is ahead or behind the schedule dictated by age norms |
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Term
| To what does maturation refer? |
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Definition
| developmental changes that are biologically programmed by genes rather that caused primarily by learning, injury, illness, or some other life experience |
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Term
| What is the relationship between heriditary (nature) and environmental (nurture) influences on human development? |
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Definition
developmental changes are generally the products of a complex interplay between natures (genetic endowment, biol. infl., and maturation) and nurture ( env. infl., experiences, and learning)
nature AND nurture |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively permanant change in behavior (or behavioral potential) that results from a person's experiences or practice |
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Term
| What are the different systems that make up Bronferbrenner's bioecological model of development? |
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Definition
microsystem
mesosystem
exosystem
macrosystem |
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Term
| Who is often cited as the founder of developmental psychology? |
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Definition
G. Stanley Hall
first president of American Psych. Ass. |
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Term
| To what does the scientific method refer? |
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Definition
| An attitude or value about the pursuit of knowledge that dictates that investigators must be objective and must allow their data to decide the merits of their theorizing |
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Term
| What is the interaction between theories, hypothesis, and observations of behaviors? |
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Definition
| theories generate hypotheses, which are tested through observation of behavior, and new observations indicate which theories are worth keeping and which are not |
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Term
| In what ways is behavioral data collected? |
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Definition
verbal reports
behavioral observations
physiological measurements |
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Term
| When using the exp. method, to what does the independant variable refer to? |
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Definition
| the aspect of the environment that a researcher deliberately changes or manipulates in an exp. to see its effect on behavior; causal variable |
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Term
| To what does the dependant variable refer? |
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Definition
| the aspect of behavior measured in an exp. and assumed to be under the control of, or dependant on, the independant variable |
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Term
| Why is the random assignment of individuals in a study neccesary? |
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Definition
| a technique in which research participants are placed in experimental conditions in an unbiased or random way so that the resulting groups are not systematically different |
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Term
| What is the advantage of the exp. method over other research methods? |
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Definition
| the ability to establish unambiguously the one thing that causes another (the manipulating of the IV causes a change in the DV) |
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Term
| What is the fundamental question asked by the correlational method? |
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Definition
what is the correlational value (coefficient) between 2 or more variables
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Term
| What is a correlational coefficient? |
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Definition
| a measuring ranging from +1 to -1, of the extent to which two variables or attributes are systematically related to each other in either or positive or a negative way |
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Term
| How do positive correlations and negative correlations differ? |
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Definition
positive correlation means that as one thing increased another increased
negative co. means as one things increased, another decresed |
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Term
| To what does a cohort refer? |
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Definition
| a group of people born at the same time. a particular generation of people |
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Term
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Definition
-cross-sectional des. compare age groups but confound age effects and cohort effects
-longitudinal stud. describe age change bu confound age effects and time of meas.
-sequential stud. combine the cross-sect. and longit. to improve both
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Term
| What are the strengths and weaknesses of each research design? |
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Definition
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Term
| To what do research ethics refer? |
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Definition
| standards of conduct that investigators are ethically bound to honor to protect their research participants from physical or psych. harm |
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Term
| How did John Locke view the nature of chidren? |
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Definition
Tabula rasae (blank slate)
experiences developed the child |
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Term
| What is the universality-context-specificity issue? |
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Definition
| the debate over the extent to which developmental changes are common to everyone (universal. as in most stage theories) or different from person to person (particularistic) |
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Term
| What is the activity-passivity issue? |
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Definition
| the issue in dev. theory centering on whether humans are active contributors to their own dev. or are passively shaped by forces beyond their control |
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Term
| What did Freud's psychoanalytical theory emphasize in determining behavior? |
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Definition
| people are driven by motives and emotional conflicts of which they are largely unaware and that they are shaped by the earliest experiences in life |
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Term
| What are the three components of personality according to Freud? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Freud's psychosexual stages of development? |
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Definition
oral
anal
phallic
latent period
genital |
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Term
| To what does fixation refer? |
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Definition
| a defense mechanism in which dev. is arrested and part of the libido remains tied to an early stage of dev. |
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Term
| What are the adult char. ass. with an oral fixation in adulthood? |
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Definition
| chain smoking, talking a lot, being dependant |
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Term
| What are the adult char. ass. with anal fixation in adulthood? |
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Definition
inhibited, stingy
retreat to earlier dev. stage
have someone "baby" them |
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Term
| according to Freud, what is the purpose(s) of defense mech.? |
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Definition
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Term
| In terms of dev. emphasis, how did Erikson differ from Freud? |
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Definition
less emphasis on sexual urges, more on social influences (peers)
less emphasis on unconscious, irrational, and selfish id and more on ration ego
more positive view of human nature
more emphasis on dev. after adolescence |
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Term
| What are Erikson's difference psychosocial stages and what are the conflicts of each stage? |
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Definition
trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs shame/doubt
initiative vs guilt
industry vs inferiority
identity vs role confusion
intimacy vs isolation
generactivity vs stagnation
integrity vs despair |
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Term
| How did Watson's behavioral theory view the dev. of children? |
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Definition
nurture is everything
behaviorism
classical conditioning |
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Term
| What is the basic principal behind classical conditioning? |
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Definition
| a stimulus that initially had no effect on the individualcome to elicit a response through its ass. with a stimulus that already elicits a response (Pavlov) |
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Term
| What is the basic principle behind operant conditioning? |
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Definition
a learner's behavior becomes more or less probable based on the consequences it produces
people tend to repeat behaviors that have pleasant consequences and cut down on those that have unpleas. cons. |
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Term
| What is positive and negative reinforcement? |
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Definition
Pos: an event that, when introduced following a behavior, makes that behavior more probably
Neg: a behavioral tendency is strengthened because something negative pr unpleasant is removed, escaped, or avoided after the behavior occurs |
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Term
| What is vicarious reinforcement? |
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Definition
| in observ. learning, the consequ. experienced by models, because of their behavior, that affect the learner's likelihood of engaging in the behavior |
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Term
| What is pos. and neg. punishment? |
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Definition
pos: when an unpleasant event is affed to the situation following a behavior (a child is spanked following a behavior)
neg: when something plesant is removed from the situation following a behavior (a child loses priv. to stay up late sat. nights) |
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Term
| If pun. is used, what are the cond. under which it is most effective? |
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Definition
admin. immediately after the act
consistently with each offense
not overly harsh
accompanied by explanations
adm. by an otherwise affectionate person
combined w eff. to reinfor. acc. beh. |
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Term
| What did Bandura emphasize in his social cognitive theory? |
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Definition
humans are cognitive beings whose active processing of information plays a critical role in their learning, behavior, and development
motivating and self regulating role of cog. |
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Term
| What is observational learning? |
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Definition
| learning by observing the behavior of other people (models) |
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Term
| What was learned from the Bobo doll study? |
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Definition
those who saw no pun. or no cons. imitated the violent acts
those who saw cons. learned, but did not imitate the acts |
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Term
| To what does self-efficacy refer? |
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Definition
| the belief that one can effectively produce desired outcomes in a particular area of life |
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Term
| To what does reciprocal determinism refer to? |
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Definition
the flow of influence between people and their environm. is a 2 way street
the env. may affect the person, but the person's char. and beh. will also infl. the env. |
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Term
| What changes occur at each of Jean Piaget's stages of development? |
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Definition
-sensorimotor-senses and motor act. to explore, plan solutions
-preoperational- dev lang, pretend, solve prob.. easily fooled by perceptions
-concrete operations-mental. class., add, act on thoughts.. solve thru trial/error
-formal operations- abstract concepts, hypothetical poss., scientific method |
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