Term
| What is the most widely accepted definition of stressor? |
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Definition
| Lazarus and Folkman (1984) “Psychological stress involves a particular relationship between the persona and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well being. |
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Term
| Most widely used method to assess stresors |
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Definition
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Term
| What are generalized checklists? |
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Definition
| Self-report with a sample of mostly negative events |
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Term
| What is a limitation of the transactional definitions of stressors? |
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Definition
| Don't account for possible mediators/moderators |
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Term
| What are specific checklists for? |
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Definition
| Specific populations and events |
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Term
| What are some limitations of using checklists? |
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Definition
| 1. Don't ask for timing of event, 2. Validity issues, 3. Failure to distinguish stressors independent of behavior |
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Term
| What are stressor interviews? |
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Definition
| Method that provides relatively objective indices of the degree of contextual threat that is associated with stressful events and conditions. |
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Term
| What is a limitation on stressor measurement? |
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Definition
| Lack of standardization and rigorous definition |
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Term
| What is a diathesis or vulnerability? |
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Definition
| A predispositional factor, or set of factors, that makes possible a disordered state. |
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Term
| How do Zubin and Spring (1977) define vulnerability? |
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Definition
| As a relatively permanent and enduring trait |
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Term
| What does the principle of additivity mean? |
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Definition
| That models represent straightforward, linear, dose-response relationships. |
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Term
| What are ipsative models? |
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Definition
| Posits an inverse relationship between factors |
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Term
| What is the mega diathesis-stress model? |
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Definition
| Disorder results from the combination of significant life stress and a heightened vulnerability. BOTH events must be significant |
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Term
| What does the kindling theory suggest? |
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Definition
| That at some point diathesis are changed, and strengthened, so that less stress becomes necessary to activate the vulnerability factors |
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Term
| From where did the diathesis-stress models originate? |
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Definition
| Schizophrenia theory and research by Meehl (1962) |
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Term
| What is the interactive model with dichotomous diathesis? |
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Definition
| One either has the diathesis or does not; if the diathesis is absent, there is no effect for stress. When the diathesis is present, the expression of disorder will be conditional on the degree of stress. |
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Term
| What is the quasi-continuous diathesis model? |
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Definition
| the probability of disorder increases as a function of both level of stress and the strength of the diathesis beyond a minimal level |
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Term
| What is the threshold model? |
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Definition
| The synergism between the diathesis and stress yields an effect beyond their combined separate effects. Point at which the people who fall below the threshold will not develop the disorder, whereas those above this level cross the threshold into disorder |
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Term
| What is the risk resiliency continuum model? |
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Definition
| Factors that make a person resistant to deleterious effects of stressors. Resilience and vulnerability represent opposite ends of a vulnerability continuum. |
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Term
| What is Patterson’s (1986) coercive cycle model? |
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Definition
| A young child defies the parent, who then becomes angry, leading to an escalation of child and parental anger. |
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Term
| What is anger most related to? |
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Definition
| Externalizing behavior problems |
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Term
| Anger over-regulation can be related to? |
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Definition
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Term
| The inability to up-regulate empathy is thought to be a risk factor for? |
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Definition
| Conduct disorder and antisocial personality |
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Term
| High levels of empathic concern can create vulnerability to psychopathology, particularly... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Persistent fearfulness is a vulnerability for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is executive cognitive functioning? |
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Definition
| The ability to plan, initiate, and maintain or alter goal-directed behaviors. |
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Term
| What are the three subtypes of ADHD |
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Definition
| Inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive, and combined. |
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Term
| What are findings from structural imaging studies of ADHD? |
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Definition
| Smaller brain volume, cerebellum, and temporal gray matter and presence of frontal-striatal-cerebellar anomalies |
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Term
| What are the most disruptive symptoms of conduct disorders? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the Caspi and colleagues (2002)paper report? |
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Definition
| The polymorphism of the MAOA gene, located on the X chromosome interacts with childhood maltreatment in predicting adult criminal behaviors. |
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Term
| Hippocampal volumetric reductions have been reported in patients with... |
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Definition
| PTSD, Bipolar, and borderline personality disorder |
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Term
| What is one of the most often reported functional anomalies in the imaging literature on depression? |
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Definition
| Decreased bilateral or left prefrontal cortex activation |
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Term
| What is the cognitive vulnerability for depression? |
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Definition
| A biased processing of information reflecting themes of loss and failure |
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Term
|
Definition
| A perseverative self-focused attention |
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Term
| What are cognitive vulnerabilities of depression, anxiety and aggression? |
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Definition
| Cognitive deficits in attention and interpretation biases |
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Term
| What does the scar hypothesis of depression state? |
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Definition
| Episodes of depression may lead to lasting psychological changes, such as increasingly negative attributional styles. |
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Term
| What are vulnerabilities for aggression outlined by Dodge and colleagues (1994)? |
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Definition
| Early adverse interpersonal experiences (particularly childhood physical maltreatment and rejection or aggression from peers). |
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Term
| Certain parenting styles, including over protection and excessive criticism may contribute to the development of... |
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Definition
| Low perceived control and anxiety |
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Term
| What are interpersonal beliefs? |
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Definition
| Cognitions that involve the relation between self and others, how we think about our world and how we plan to act in it. |
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Term
| What are interpersonal behaviors? |
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Definition
| The ways individuals attempt to communicate with one another, including verbalizations as well as nonverbal behaviors |
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Term
| What is the self-discrepancy theory by Higgins (1987)? |
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Definition
| Discrepancies between the self-schema components (self-state representations) relate to emotional vulnerabilities |
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Term
| What are social skills deficits in autism and social phobias? |
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Definition
| Abilities to communicate and interact with others in an appropriate and effective manner, including such skills as remaining sensitive to others, controlling behaviors and emotions, and attending to social cues. |
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Term
| What are self-propagatory processes? |
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Definition
| Beliefs and behaviors that set in motion processes that both result from the individuals' psychopathology and maintain or exacerbate this psychopathology |
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Term
| Shorter alleles of what gene are associated with more depressive symptoms, diagnoses of depression, and suicidality following stressful life events? |
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Definition
| 5-HTTLPR - Serotonin transporter |
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Term
| DRD4 and DAT1- Dopamine receptors and transporters - have been linked to... |
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Definition
| Temperament, PTSD, OCD, and ADHD, |
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Term
| Who introduced the cumulative risk model (sum of risks has greater impact than any particular risk)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Known for observing children's response to war in 1940 |
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Definition
| Anna Freud and Dorothy Burlinham |
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Term
| What is the allostatic load? |
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Definition
| Complex, dynamic system of physiological changes in multiple systems created by responses to environmental demands that are modulated by prior experience with stressors, genetic predisposition and lifestyle choices. Evans, 2003 |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of allostatic load? |
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Definition
1. Repeated hits
2. Lack of adaptation
3. Inadequate response
4. Prolonged response |
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Term
| What are the three types of person-environment processes (GE correlations)? |
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Definition
1. Passive GE (genotype asso. w/environment)
2. Evocative/reactive GE (brought in by others)
3. Active GE (active seeking to develop tendency) |
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Term
| Is adaptative capacity positive or negative? |
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Definition
| Can be both; change in adaptative capacity includes gains and losses |
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Term
| What is the selective optimization with compensation model (SOC)? |
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Definition
| Individual's attempts to maximize gains (desirable outcomes) and minimize losses. Influenced by cultural and personal factors |
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Term
|
Definition
| Universal processes of optimal development |
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Term
| What is cognitive reserve? |
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Definition
| Active brain attempt to cope with brain damage by using preexisting cognitive processing approaches or by enlisting compensatory approaches |
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Term
| Who developed the facial action coding system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Harlow's research on rhesus monkeys (monkeys preferring the cloth mother over the wire) show? |
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Definition
| That severely deprived monkeys developed behavioral and emotion regulation problems |
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Term
| Who posited the attribution theory? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the social influence theory? |
|
Definition
| Changing social norms to change the individuals (marketing campaigns) |
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Term
| What is the social inoculation theory? |
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Definition
| Behavioral rehearsal to immunized |
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Term
| What is the social cognitive theory (or social learning) by Bandura 1986? |
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Definition
| Behavior is determined by cognitive factors, environmental influences (modeling/imitation), and behavioral reaction |
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Term
| What did Bandura's Bobo Doll studies show? |
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Definition
| The effect of observed consequence on imitative behavior |
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Term
| What are the 3 key aspects of social cognition related to social interactions? |
|
Definition
1. Knowledge structures
2. Social info processing
3. Arousal & emotion regulation |
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|
Term
| Who proposed the attachment theory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 distinguishing characteristics of attachment? |
|
Definition
1. Proximity maintenance
2. Safe heaven
3. Secure base
4. Separation distress |
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|
Term
| What are the characteristics of attachment theory? |
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Definition
1. Has evolutionary basis
2. Draws from psychoanalytic theory
3. Security & quality of relationships during infancy & childhood predict adjustment |
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Term
| What did Mary Ainsworth provide to the attachment theory? |
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Definition
| Attachment patterns based on stranger anxiety (secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized) |
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Term
| According to Bandura, what is self-efficacy? |
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Definition
| Belief about capability to produce effects |
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|
Term
| According to Rosenberg, what is self-esteem? |
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Definition
| Pride in oneself, self-respect, holding a positive/favorable opinion of self |
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|
Term
| Who introduced the resiliency concept? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Constant changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands of stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) |
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|
Term
| What is the difference between protective and promotive? |
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Definition
| Protective if there is a risk, promotive in the absence of risk |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the probability of being in a particular state or responding in a particular way |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Temporary response to internal and external factors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Constitutionally based, individual diff. in emotion, motor, reactivity and self-regulation that demonstrate consistency across situations and over time (Rothbart) |
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|
Term
| What are Eysenck's (P-E-N) Model of personality? |
|
Definition
N= Neuroticism
P= Psychoticism
E= Extraversion |
|
|
Term
| What is the 5 factor personality theory by Costa & McCrae? |
|
Definition
1. Extraversion
2. Neuroticism
3. Agreeableness
4.Conscientiousness
5. Openess |
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|
Term
| What is the behavioral activation system (BAS, Gray 1994) |
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Definition
| Activates approach behaviors in response to cues for reward or non-punishment |
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|
Term
| What is the behavioral inhibition system (BIS, Gray 1994) |
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Definition
| Signals punishment, non-reward |
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|
Term
| What is social contagion? |
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Definition
| Individuals adopt the attitudes or behaviors of others who influence them (Bovasso, 1996) |
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|
Term
| What is social transmission? |
|
Definition
| Process of spread of behavior/symptom.MH disorder through a population. Reproduction of a behavior after social contact |
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|
Term
| What does peer contagion mean for deviance? |
|
Definition
| Exposure to deviance increases deviance. Aggregation of deviant youth is common |
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|
Term
| What is social stratification? |
|
Definition
| Process by which rewards, power and prestige is distributed among the population |
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|
Term
| What is the drift theory (Matza)? |
|
Definition
| The temporary release from conventional moral restraints |
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|
Term
| What is the social control theory? |
|
Definition
| Institutional rules that promote conformity, sustained through relationships with conventional order |
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|
Term
| What is an objective definition of stressor introduced by Grant (2003)? |
|
Definition
| Environmental events or chronic conditions that objectively threaten the physical and/or psychological health or well being |
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|
Term
| What is the advantage of an objective definition of a stressor? |
|
Definition
| That is consistent with "stimulus-based" definitions of stress |
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|
Term
| What are examples of moderators of psychopathology? |
|
Definition
| vulnerabilities, protective factors, pre-existing characteristics |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of mediators of psychopathology? |
|
Definition
| factors that are activated/caused by the stressful esperience |
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|
Term
| Model proposed by Grant (2003) of the role of stressors in psychopathology |
|
Definition
1. Stressors contribute to psychopath
2. Moderators influence rel. between stressor & psychopath
3. Mediators explain the relationship
4. Specificity in the rels. among stressors, moderators & mediators
5. These rels. are reciprocal and dynamic |
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|
Term
| According to Bandura's SLT, what are the chief factors influencing development? |
|
Definition
| Environment, behavior and cognition |
|
|
Term
| What is the social cognitive theory? |
|
Definition
| Portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside influences. |
|
|
Term
| What is learned helplessness? |
|
Definition
| Tendency to attribute negative life events to global causes and to attribute negative consequences following the event’s occurrence (Seigelmen & Abramson 1978) |
|
|
Term
| What is Beck's negative cognitive triad? |
|
Definition
| Negative cognitive thoughts of the self, the world and the future |
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|
Term
| Link between attachment theory and depression? |
|
Definition
| Maternal rejection can lead to negative schema |
|
|
Term
| What is a coercive family process? |
|
Definition
| Describes the interaction between ineffective parental discipline and the resulting non-compliant child |
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|
Term
| How does the learned helplessness theory view depression? |
|
Definition
| As the result of a perceived absence of control over the outcome of situations (Seligman, 1975) |
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