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Dev Psychology
JHSPH09
96
Medical
Post-Graduate
12/22/2009

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Cards

Term
What is the most widely accepted definition of stressor?
Definition
Lazarus and Folkman (1984) “Psychological stress involves a particular relationship between the persona and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well being.
Term
Most widely used method to assess stresors
Definition
Self-report checklist
Term
What are generalized checklists?
Definition
Self-report with a sample of mostly negative events
Term
What is a limitation of the transactional definitions of stressors?
Definition
Don't account for possible mediators/moderators
Term
What are specific checklists for?
Definition
Specific populations and events
Term
What are some limitations of using checklists?
Definition
1. Don't ask for timing of event, 2. Validity issues, 3. Failure to distinguish stressors independent of behavior
Term
What are stressor interviews?
Definition
Method that provides relatively objective indices of the degree of contextual threat that is associated with stressful events and conditions.
Term
What is a limitation on stressor measurement?
Definition
Lack of standardization and rigorous definition
Term
What is a diathesis or vulnerability?
Definition
A predispositional factor, or set of factors, that makes possible a disordered state.
Term
How do Zubin and Spring (1977) define vulnerability?
Definition
As a relatively permanent and enduring trait
Term
What does the principle of additivity mean?
Definition
That models represent straightforward, linear, dose-response relationships.
Term
What are ipsative models?
Definition
Posits an inverse relationship between factors
Term
What is the mega diathesis-stress model?
Definition
Disorder results from the combination of significant life stress and a heightened vulnerability. BOTH events must be significant
Term
What does the kindling theory suggest?
Definition
That at some point diathesis are changed, and strengthened, so that less stress becomes necessary to activate the vulnerability factors
Term
From where did the diathesis-stress models originate?
Definition
Schizophrenia theory and research by Meehl (1962)
Term
What is the interactive model with dichotomous diathesis?
Definition
One either has the diathesis or does not; if the diathesis is absent, there is no effect for stress. When the diathesis is present, the expression of disorder will be conditional on the degree of stress.
Term
What is the quasi-continuous diathesis model?
Definition
the probability of disorder increases as a function of both level of stress and the strength of the diathesis beyond a minimal level
Term
What is the threshold model?
Definition
The synergism between the diathesis and stress yields an effect beyond their combined separate effects. Point at which the people who fall below the threshold will not develop the disorder, whereas those above this level cross the threshold into disorder
Term
What is the risk resiliency continuum model?
Definition
Factors that make a person resistant to deleterious effects of stressors. Resilience and vulnerability represent opposite ends of a vulnerability continuum.
Term
What is Patterson’s (1986) coercive cycle model?
Definition
A young child defies the parent, who then becomes angry, leading to an escalation of child and parental anger.
Term
What is anger most related to?
Definition
Externalizing behavior problems
Term
Anger over-regulation can be related to?
Definition
Depressive symptoms
Term
The inability to up-regulate empathy is thought to be a risk factor for?
Definition
Conduct disorder and antisocial personality
Term
High levels of empathic concern can create vulnerability to psychopathology, particularly...
Definition
Internalizing behaviors
Term
Persistent fearfulness is a vulnerability for?
Definition
Anxiety
Term
What is executive cognitive functioning?
Definition
The ability to plan, initiate, and maintain or alter goal-directed behaviors.
Term
What are the three subtypes of ADHD
Definition
Inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive, and combined.
Term
What are findings from structural imaging studies of ADHD?
Definition
Smaller brain volume, cerebellum, and temporal gray matter and presence of frontal-striatal-cerebellar anomalies
Term
What are the most disruptive symptoms of conduct disorders?
Definition
Aggression and violence
Term
What does the Caspi and colleagues (2002)paper report?
Definition
The polymorphism of the MAOA gene, located on the X chromosome interacts with childhood maltreatment in predicting adult criminal behaviors.
Term
Hippocampal volumetric reductions have been reported in patients with...
Definition
PTSD, Bipolar, and borderline personality disorder
Term
What is one of the most often reported functional anomalies in the imaging literature on depression?
Definition
Decreased bilateral or left prefrontal cortex activation
Term
What is the cognitive vulnerability for depression?
Definition
A biased processing of information reflecting themes of loss and failure
Term
What is rumination?
Definition
A perseverative self-focused attention
Term
What are cognitive vulnerabilities of depression, anxiety and aggression?
Definition
Cognitive deficits in attention and interpretation biases
Term
What does the scar hypothesis of depression state?
Definition
Episodes of depression may lead to lasting psychological changes, such as increasingly negative attributional styles.
Term
What are vulnerabilities for aggression outlined by Dodge and colleagues (1994)?
Definition
Early adverse interpersonal experiences (particularly childhood physical maltreatment and rejection or aggression from peers).
Term
Certain parenting styles, including over protection and excessive criticism may contribute to the development of...
Definition
Low perceived control and anxiety
Term
What are interpersonal beliefs?
Definition
Cognitions that involve the relation between self and others, how we think about our world and how we plan to act in it.
Term
What are interpersonal behaviors?
Definition
The ways individuals attempt to communicate with one another, including verbalizations as well as nonverbal behaviors
Term
What is the self-discrepancy theory by Higgins (1987)?
Definition
Discrepancies between the self-schema components (self-state representations) relate to emotional vulnerabilities
Term
What are social skills deficits in autism and social phobias?
Definition
Abilities to communicate and interact with others in an appropriate and effective manner, including such skills as remaining sensitive to others, controlling behaviors and emotions, and attending to social cues.
Term
What are self-propagatory processes?
Definition
Beliefs and behaviors that set in motion processes that both result from the individuals' psychopathology and maintain or exacerbate this psychopathology
Term
Shorter alleles of what gene are associated with more depressive symptoms, diagnoses of depression, and suicidality following stressful life events?
Definition
5-HTTLPR - Serotonin transporter
Term
DRD4 and DAT1- Dopamine receptors and transporters - have been linked to...
Definition
Temperament, PTSD, OCD, and ADHD,
Term
Who introduced the cumulative risk model (sum of risks has greater impact than any particular risk)?
Definition
Michael Rutter (1979)
Term
Known for observing children's response to war in 1940
Definition
Anna Freud and Dorothy Burlinham
Term
What is the allostatic load?
Definition
Complex, dynamic system of physiological changes in multiple systems created by responses to environmental demands that are modulated by prior experience with stressors, genetic predisposition and lifestyle choices. Evans, 2003
Term
What are the 4 types of allostatic load?
Definition
1. Repeated hits
2. Lack of adaptation
3. Inadequate response
4. Prolonged response
Term
What are the three types of person-environment processes (GE correlations)?
Definition
1. Passive GE (genotype asso. w/environment)
2. Evocative/reactive GE (brought in by others)
3. Active GE (active seeking to develop tendency)
Term
Is adaptative capacity positive or negative?
Definition
Can be both; change in adaptative capacity includes gains and losses
Term
What is the selective optimization with compensation model (SOC)?
Definition
Individual's attempts to maximize gains (desirable outcomes) and minimize losses. Influenced by cultural and personal factors
Term
What are SOC behaviors?
Definition
Universal processes of optimal development
Term
What is cognitive reserve?
Definition
Active brain attempt to cope with brain damage by using preexisting cognitive processing approaches or by enlisting compensatory approaches
Term
Who developed the facial action coding system?
Definition
Paul Ekman
Term
What did Harlow's research on rhesus monkeys (monkeys preferring the cloth mother over the wire) show?
Definition
That severely deprived monkeys developed behavioral and emotion regulation problems
Term
Who posited the attribution theory?
Definition
Beck
Term
What is the social influence theory?
Definition
Changing social norms to change the individuals (marketing campaigns)
Term
What is the social inoculation theory?
Definition
Behavioral rehearsal to immunized
Term
What is the social cognitive theory (or social learning) by Bandura 1986?
Definition
Behavior is determined by cognitive factors, environmental influences (modeling/imitation), and behavioral reaction
Term
What did Bandura's Bobo Doll studies show?
Definition
The effect of observed consequence on imitative behavior
Term
What are the 3 key aspects of social cognition related to social interactions?
Definition
1. Knowledge structures
2. Social info processing
3. Arousal & emotion regulation
Term
Who proposed the attachment theory?
Definition
John Bowlby 1940
Term
What are 4 distinguishing characteristics of attachment?
Definition
1. Proximity maintenance
2. Safe heaven
3. Secure base
4. Separation distress
Term
What are the characteristics of attachment theory?
Definition
1. Has evolutionary basis
2. Draws from psychoanalytic theory
3. Security & quality of relationships during infancy & childhood predict adjustment
Term
What did Mary Ainsworth provide to the attachment theory?
Definition
Attachment patterns based on stranger anxiety (secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized)
Term
According to Bandura, what is self-efficacy?
Definition
Belief about capability to produce effects
Term
According to Rosenberg, what is self-esteem?
Definition
Pride in oneself, self-respect, holding a positive/favorable opinion of self
Term
Who introduced the resiliency concept?
Definition
Emmy Werner, 1996
Term
What is coping?
Definition
Constant changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands of stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)
Term
What is the difference between protective and promotive?
Definition
Protective if there is a risk, promotive in the absence of risk
Term
What is a trait?
Definition
the probability of being in a particular state or responding in a particular way
Term
What is a state/mood?
Definition
Temporary response to internal and external factors
Term
What is temperament?
Definition
Constitutionally based, individual diff. in emotion, motor, reactivity and self-regulation that demonstrate consistency across situations and over time (Rothbart)
Term
What are Eysenck's (P-E-N) Model of personality?
Definition
N= Neuroticism
P= Psychoticism
E= Extraversion
Term
What is the 5 factor personality theory by Costa & McCrae?
Definition
1. Extraversion
2. Neuroticism
3. Agreeableness
4.Conscientiousness
5. Openess
Term
What is the behavioral activation system (BAS, Gray 1994)
Definition
Activates approach behaviors in response to cues for reward or non-punishment
Term
What is the behavioral inhibition system (BIS, Gray 1994)
Definition
Signals punishment, non-reward
Term
What is social contagion?
Definition
Individuals adopt the attitudes or behaviors of others who influence them (Bovasso, 1996)
Term
What is social transmission?
Definition
Process of spread of behavior/symptom.MH disorder through a population. Reproduction of a behavior after social contact
Term
What does peer contagion mean for deviance?
Definition
Exposure to deviance increases deviance. Aggregation of deviant youth is common
Term
What is social stratification?
Definition
Process by which rewards, power and prestige is distributed among the population
Term
What is the drift theory (Matza)?
Definition
The temporary release from conventional moral restraints
Term
What is the social control theory?
Definition
Institutional rules that promote conformity, sustained through relationships with conventional order
Term
What is an objective definition of stressor introduced by Grant (2003)?
Definition
Environmental events or chronic conditions that objectively threaten the physical and/or psychological health or well being
Term
What is the advantage of an objective definition of a stressor?
Definition
That is consistent with "stimulus-based" definitions of stress
Term
What are examples of moderators of psychopathology?
Definition
vulnerabilities, protective factors, pre-existing characteristics
Term
What are examples of mediators of psychopathology?
Definition
factors that are activated/caused by the stressful esperience
Term
Model proposed by Grant (2003) of the role of stressors in psychopathology
Definition

1. Stressors contribute to psychopath

2. Moderators influence rel. between stressor & psychopath

3. Mediators explain the relationship

4. Specificity in the rels. among stressors, moderators & mediators

5. These rels. are reciprocal and dynamic

Term
According to Bandura's SLT, what are the chief factors influencing development?
Definition
Environment, behavior and cognition
Term
What is the social cognitive theory?
Definition
Portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside influences.
Term
What is learned helplessness?
Definition
Tendency to attribute negative life events to global causes and to attribute negative consequences following the event’s occurrence (Seigelmen & Abramson 1978)
Term
What is Beck's negative cognitive triad?
Definition
Negative cognitive thoughts of the self, the world and the future
Term
Link between attachment theory and depression?
Definition
Maternal rejection can lead to negative schema
Term
What is a coercive family process?
Definition
Describes the interaction between ineffective parental discipline and the resulting non-compliant child
Term
How does the learned helplessness theory view depression?
Definition
As the result of a perceived absence of control over the outcome of situations (Seligman, 1975)
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