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Dev-Cross Language and Cognition
N/A
19
Other
Undergraduate 3
11/09/2010

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Cards

Term
Cognition
Definition

The process of obtaining or using knowledge

Involvs perception, thinking, knowing, remembering, categorizing, and problem solving

Term
Language
Definition

A system of symbols that is used to communicate information and knowledge

It is a cultural tool

Term
Sapir-Worf Hypothesis
Definition

Linguistic relativity

Language structures thinking such that people who speak different languages think about and experience the world differently

Term
Specific examples of language on cognition
Definition

In English vs. Navajo, English states "I rode a horse", versus Navajo, which states "the horse and I were moving about". 

Hunancas, individuals living in Junin region of Peru, do not have words describing mental states

False-belief tasks: The ribbon example

Theory of Mind task: the "hiding the doll" example

Term
Code Switching
Definition
Changing language or langauge forms in various social contexts
Term
African American Vernacular English
Definition

Dialect of english spoken by blacks in the US. 

Reduction in diphthongs (e.g. boil sounds like "ball")

Dropping "...ing" to "...in'"

S-cluster metathesis - changing letter sounds in a word (ask becomes axe)

Often viewed negatively

Many critics are black (Bill Cosby)

Used in school

Term
Specific examples of cross-cultural differences in language acquisition
Definition

When Japanese parents are playing with their kids, they are more expressive, and are more responsive while playing, versus American parents being more reactive when playing with a physical objet.  This stresses interdependence versus dependence.

Mandarin children have fewer nouns and more verbs than American children

 

 

Term
Critical Period
Definition

The theory that a "sensitive period" exists.

This period lasts a specific number of years during which a second language can be learned as easily and as well as the primary language.  However, after the period is over, the learner will have greater difficulty being able to acquire a second language to the extent as they did their native language

Term
Natural v. Educational settings for language learning
Definition

Natural Settings:  Learning a second language after immigrating, second language serves as an official language, parents speak two different lagnuages

Educational setting: formal setting instruction takes place

 

Are Natural settings better?  Educational settings can actually be better if they involve immersion

Term
Immersion
Definition
Putting a person in a specific situation/culture.  Think of the French episode of the Simpsons
Term
Phonetic v. Logographic languages
Definition

Phonetic Language:  Each symbol represents a sound rather than a concept.  Symbols are combined to create the word

Logographic language: each symbol has meaning.  Think of "X" in Roman Numerals.  The "pronunciation" of the word is less important than the meaning of the word.

Term
Indigenous knowledge
Definition
Originating in a particular region of a country
Term
Intelligence
Definition

Binet - Judgment/ "Good sense"

Hernstein and Murray - Cognitive ability

Term
Fluid v. Crystallized intelligences
Definition

Fluid Intelligence - ability to form concepts, reason abstractly, and apply material to new situations.  Biological?  Uninfluenced by culuture?

Crystal Intelligence - accumulated knolwedge or experience.  Driven by culture.

Term
Raven's Progessive Matrices
Definition
Non-verbal test, attempting to be culturally unbiased/culturally "free"
Term
Heritability
Definition

Explaining differences between people. 

Heritability of IQ is about 75%

A 2003 study that looked at impoverished families found that close to 0% of variation is attributed to genes

Term
Stereotype threat
Definition
Term
Bio-ecological model of intellectual development
Definition
Term
Variation in Piagetian stages across cultures
Definition

Research from the 60's and 70's that studied transition from pre-operational to formal operations across cultures

Found that children in developing countries performed worse

HOWEVER, problems with the research included:

Language-based studies conducted by researchers had little understanding of language or culture

Standardized tests versus Piaget's method of clinical interviews

Accurate birth dates are not avaliable for many children - some estimates off by 2 years

Research in New Guinea, Rwanda, and Nigera showed few adolescents passing conservation tasks

 

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