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Deuterostomes
Chapter 33 of ISU Bio 211 text (Spring 2014)
50
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/13/2014

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Cards

Term
What are the 5 classes of Echinoderms?
Definition

Sea Stars

Brittle Stars

Sea Cucumbers

Sea Urchins

Sand Dollars

Term
All species of Echinoderms are _____________.
Definition
Marine
Term
Why are Echinoderms considered bilateral?
Definition
Their larvae are bilateral.
Term
What structural feature is unique to Echinoderms?
Definition
Water Vascular System
Term
What can a water vascular system be used for?
Definition

Locomotion

Feeding

Gas Exchange

Excretion

Term

Echinoderms:

Cephalization?

Muscle and nervous tissue?

Digestive System?

Respiratory?

Circulatory?

Excretion?

Where does fertilization occur?

Definition

No Cephalization

Yes - muscle and nerve

Complete but short digestive system

No respiratory

No circulatory

No excretion

External fertilization

Term
What are Echinoderm exoskeletons made of/what are they like?
Definition
Hard exoskeletons made of calcareous plates
Term
Calcareous
Definition
Containing calcium carbonate
Term
Echino -
Definition
Spiny
Term
How do echinoderms feed and what are their ecological roles?
Definition

They are filter feeders.

Some are herbivores, some are scavengers, some are predators.


Crown of thorns sea star is causing problems--eating all the coral reef cnidarians.

Term
What are the 3 subphyla of the Phylum Chordata?
Definition

Cephalochordata

Urochordata

Craniates

Term
What are the 4 chordate characteristics?
Definition

Notochord

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

Pharyngeal slits

Post-anal tail

Term
What is a notochord?
Definition

Flexible rod between the nerve chord and gut.


Provides skeletal support for muscle attachment.


Only remnants of embryonic notochord present in adult.

Term
What is the dorsal nerve chord and what makes Chordates' unique?
Definition

It develops into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

 

Chordates' are hollow, where all other animals' are solid

Term
What are pharyngeal slits?
Definition

Allow water to pass through without going through the gut.

 

Modified for some other purposes in vertebrates (e.g. gas exchange)

Term
What is the post-anal tail?
Definition

Contains skeletal elements (like the notochord) and muscle

 

Often lost in embryonic development

 

Unlike in non-chordates, the tail continues past the digestive system

Term

Subphyla Cephalochordata

[image]

Definition

Called lancelets because of blade-like shape

 

Chordate characteristics persist into adulthood

 

Rare globally, but exist in high numbers in some places (e.g. Tampa)

Term
How do members of the subphylum cephalochordata eat?
Definition
Suspension feeders, use their pharyngeal slits to filter out small particles of food.
Term

Subphylum Urochordata

 

[image]

Definition

Tunicates ("sea squirts")

 

Filter feeders with excurrent and incurrent siphons

 

Most chordate features only present in larvae form

Term

Subphylum Craniata

[image]

Definition

Chordates with a skull (bone or cartilage)


Includes all animals we call "vertebrates"


Also includes one group of invertebrates, the "hagfish" (Clade Myxini)


Still only 5% of known animals species

Term
Characteristics of Vertebrates
Definition

All the same as chordata, plus:

  • More pronounced cephalization (with skull)
  • Vertebral column that encloses the nerve cord (replaces notochord function)
  • Endoskeleton that grows with animal
  • Closed circulatory system
Term
6 major events in vertebrate history
Definition
  1. Development of jaws
  2. Development of bone
  3. Development of lungs
  4. More complex circulatory systems
  5. 4-legged (tetrapod) terrestrial vertebrates
  6. Reproductive adaptations to life on land
Term
Of the 8 vertebrate clades, how many have jaws? Which are jawless?
Definition

7 have jaws.

The lampreys are jawless, and are the oldest vertebrates.

Term

Clade Chodnrichthys

[image]

Definition

First to develop jaws from rods that once supported the pharyngeal slits

 

 

Term
All jaws animals are called __________.
Definition
Gnathostomes
Term

Clade Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)

[image]

Definition

Notochord in embryo, present as vertebrae discs in adult

 

Gills used in respiration

Term

Tetrapoda

 

Definition

Large group of gnathostomes

Pelvis fused to vertebrae

No gill slits, phrangeal clefts involved in formation of inner ear structures

Term

Class Amphibia

[image]

Definition
  • "Two Lives"
  • Frogs, salamanders, caecilians
  • First vertebrates on land (350MYA)
  • Gas permeable skin (lose water)
  • External fertilization
  • Eggs (no shell) and larvae (gills and tail) need water
Term
Know difference between "egg" layed by amniotes (where embryo develops) and gamete egg
Definition
Amniotic "egg" contains embryo, which is made by fertilization of egg and sperm
Term
Amniotes
Definition

Animals with special shelled egg


Specialized extraembryonic membranes


Innovation which allowed for eggs to develop on land without water


Includes reptiles, birds, and mammals

Term

Amniotic egg parts

 

membrane

Definition
Gas exchange, waste storage, nutrient transfer
Term

Amniotic egg parts

 

fluid

Definition
Protects embryo. Some species also have a shell.
Term
Most mammals' eggs do not have a __________, but they do have _________.
Definition

shell

 

4 extraembryonic membranes

Term

Clade Reptilia

[image]

Definition

Turtles

Lizards

Snakes

Crocodilians

Birds

Term
Reptile Features
Definition

Scaley skin to prevent water loss

 

Term

Class Testudines

[image]

Definition
Turtles
Term

Class Lepidosauria

[image]

Definition
Lizards & Snakes
Term
Birds are a type of ____________.
Definition
Reptile
Term

Class Aves - Birds

 Adaptations?

[image]

Definition

Most highly adapted for flight

  • Honey-combed bone structure
  • Reduced organ systems (singles)
  • Feathers (modified scales)
Term
Benefits of flight
Definition

Help catch flying prey

Escape predators

Migrate long distances

Term
[image]
Definition
Term
What are the 2 mammal groups?
Definition

No Placenta -

Monotremes (egg laying)

 

Placenta -

Marsupials

Eutherians

Term

Monotremes

[image]

Definition

Lay eggs - no placenta (primitive)

No nipples - produce milk from belly glands

Term

Marsupials

[image]

Definition
Embryos are born very early, continue development in marsupium
Term

Eutherians

[image]

Definition

Embryo develops completely inside mother.

Connected to mother by placenta.

Term
Evolutionary Primate Trends
Definition

Claws replaced by flat nails

Opposable thumb

Eyes close together in front of face (flat-face)

Hand-eye coordination

Term
Humans belong to the class of ____________. They share a common ancestor with __________.
Definition

Anthropoids

Chimps

Term
The DNA sequence difference between humans and chimps is __%.
Definition
1
Term
Humans diverged from their shared ancestor _____ MYA.
Definition
4-8
Term
These 5 traits are unique to humans.
Definition

Bi-pedal (stand up straight)

Reduced jaw bones and jaw muscles

Much larger brain

Complex use of tools

Language (written & verbal)

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