• Gram - rod
• motile via peritrichous flagella or non-motile
• No spores
• grow on peptone based media without additional NaCl
• grow well on MAC
• Aerobic and Anaerobic growth, generally facultative anerobes
• ferment glucose with gas production
• catalase +
• oxidase - 
• NO3---->NO2
• Widely distributed in nature, i.e. plants, soil, and water
• S. typhi only in humans

• abscesses
• pneumonia
• meningitis
• septicemia wounds
• UTI
• intestine infections
• most of Gram negative recovered in clinical labs, UTIs, and isolates in hospitals

1. Diseases associated with Shigella/Samonella?

2. K. pnemonia?

3. E. coli and Proteus?

4. Limulus Polyphemus 

1. Diarrheal dysenteric illness

2. AKA Friedlander's Bacillus - red brick sputum

3. wounds contaminated with soil, vegetable matter, or abdominal wound, wounds post GI surgery

4. Endotoxin shock - Fever, leucopenia, capillary hemorrhage, hypotension, circulatory collapse...assayed by the limulus lystate in horseshoe crabs

Endotoxin in enterbacteriaceae?

3 layers?

• Pharmacologically active LPS on G- walls
• 3 layers
• Outer cariable carbohydrate portion
• determines O antigen specificity
• O-chains are the vaiable part
• Gives species variants (O157: H7) 
• Middle core polysaccharide
• Lipid A
• The endotoxic part
• Inner most
• Fatty acids of Lipid A

• fatal in systemic involvement
• antibiotic treatment problemactic---->antiendotoxin antibody preparations