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Definition
| Makes more membrane. Also create and modify proteins via the ribosomes ( that will be transported to other organelles or secreted). |
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| A Secretory Protein (example) |
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Definition
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| The 4 steps of the ER action. |
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Definition
1) The ribosome synthesizes a polypeptide. 2) chains or sugar are added to the polypeptide, making it a glycoprotein.
3) Then the molecule is ready to leave, so the ER packs it into a transport vesicle.
4) It buds off, then goes to the Golgi Apparatus. |
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Definition
| Looks like stacks of pita bread, and they are not interconnected. The # of sacs correlates with how active the Golgi is. It receives,sorts and ships cells. |
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| Lysozomes ( 5 key points) |
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Definition
| 1)Rough ER packs enzymes into transport vesicles, sends to golgi which refines them and 2) the golgi releases lysozomes. 3) because food vacuoles have been engulfed, 4) the lysozomes fuse with them and digest them. 5) or it recycles |
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Term
| Main theme of eukaryotic cell structure |
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Definition
| Lysozomes are the best example. Compartmentalization!! |
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| Example of a type of lysozome |
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Definition
| Our white blood cells ingest bacteria into vacuoles and lysozomes emptied into the vacuoles attack the bacteria. Also, during embryonic time, lysozomes destroy some cells such as the webbing betwn our fingers. |
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Term
| Lysosomal Storage Disease |
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Definition
| Missing an enzymes in the lysosome, so any substances cannot be digested. Pompe's disease makes glycogen accumulate in the liver. Tay- Sachs, lysosomes in the nervous system swell with lipids. |
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| In the mitochondria, many of the chemical reactions take place here. |
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| Microfilament ( actin filament) ,Intermediate filaments, and Microtubules |
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Definition
Microfilament ( actin filament)= Cell shape and muscle contractions.
Intermediate filaments= Anchor and shape
Microtubules= rigidity for shape and tracks to "walk" on. |
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Definition
| The capacity to perform work |
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| the energy of motion ( ie muscles) and heat is a form of kinetic energy because it moves the molecules in matter. |
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| Potential Energy ( chemical energy) |
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Definition
| Stored energy that an object has because of its location ( ie a ball on a hill). Also, chemical energy is the MOST IMPORTANT type of energy for living organisms. It works because of the position of the charged elections in molecules. |
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| Thermodynamics ( Law #1 and #2) |
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Definition
Law 1# is the total amount of energy in the universe is constant, never changes.
Law #2 is some energy becomes unusable and increase entropy ( amount of disorder in the universe). |
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| Uses oxygen to convert energy, stored in glucose, to energy that the cell can use ( ATP). ( exergonic process) |
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Definition
| thousands of endergonic and exergonic reactions that are carried out. |
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Definition
| Uses energy from exergonic reactions ( obtain ATP from glucose) to do essential endergonic reactions( cell functions). ATP is the key to this. |
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Term
| ATP ( adenosine triphosphate) |
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Definition
| molecules consist of adenine ( a nitrogenous base) and ribose, and a chain of 3 phosphate groups. Because all 3 phosphates are negatively charged, they repel each other like a compressed spring. |
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Definition
| Hydrolysis breaks the 3 phosphate bonds and when the 3rd phosphate leaves, energy is released. The remaining ATP thing is now to ADP. |
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Term
| The hydrolysis of ATP is exergonic or endergonic? |
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Definition
| exergonic. It "releases" energy. to COUPLE this reaction to an endergonic one, phosphorolation is necessary. |
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Term
| Phosphorolation. How does it "couple" reactions? |
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Definition
| The transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to some other molecule. Used after the (exergonic) hydrolysis of ATP, resulting in ADP and one P. The P is added to another molecule ( endergonic). |
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Term
| 3 main types of cellular work, driven by ATP |
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Definition
Chemical ( molecule formed) ,
Mechanical (Muscles moved) and
Transport ( across a membrane). |
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