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Details of the Cell
BIO 150b- Concepts & Connections(Campbell 5th Edition)
31
Biology
Undergraduate 1
07/26/2008

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Term
Rough ER ( 2 functions)
Definition
Makes more membrane. Also create and modify proteins via the ribosomes ( that will be transported to other organelles or secreted).
Term
A Secretory Protein (example)
Definition
Insulin.
Term
The 4 steps of the ER action.
Definition
1) The ribosome synthesizes a polypeptide. 2) chains or sugar are added to the polypeptide, making it a glycoprotein.
3) Then the molecule is ready to leave, so the ER packs it into a transport vesicle.
4) It buds off, then goes to the Golgi Apparatus.
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
Looks like stacks of pita bread, and they are not interconnected. The # of sacs correlates with how active the Golgi is. It receives,sorts and ships cells.
Term
Lysozomes ( 5 key points)
Definition
1)Rough ER packs enzymes into transport vesicles, sends to golgi which refines them and 2) the golgi releases lysozomes. 3) because food vacuoles have been engulfed, 4) the lysozomes fuse with them and digest them. 5) or it recycles
Term
Main theme of eukaryotic cell structure
Definition
Lysozomes are the best example. Compartmentalization!!
Term
Example of a type of lysozome
Definition
Our white blood cells ingest bacteria into vacuoles and lysozomes emptied into the vacuoles attack the bacteria. Also, during embryonic time, lysozomes destroy some cells such as the webbing betwn our fingers.
Term
Lysosomal Storage Disease
Definition
Missing an enzymes in the lysosome, so any substances cannot be digested. Pompe's disease makes glycogen accumulate in the liver. Tay- Sachs, lysosomes in the nervous system swell with lipids.
Term
Pinocystosis
Definition
Cell drinking.
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Term
Vacuole
Definition
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
Term
Passive Transport
Definition
Term
Active Transport
Definition
Term
Mitochondrial Matrix
Definition
In the mitochondria, many of the chemical reactions take place here.
Term
Microfilament ( actin filament) ,Intermediate filaments, and Microtubules
Definition
Microfilament ( actin filament)= Cell shape and muscle contractions.
Intermediate filaments= Anchor and shape
Microtubules= rigidity for shape and tracks to "walk" on.
Term
Energy
Definition
The capacity to perform work
Term
Kinetic energy ( heat)
Definition
the energy of motion ( ie muscles) and heat is a form of kinetic energy because it moves the molecules in matter.
Term
Potential Energy ( chemical energy)
Definition
Stored energy that an object has because of its location ( ie a ball on a hill). Also, chemical energy is the MOST IMPORTANT type of energy for living organisms. It works because of the position of the charged elections in molecules.
Term
Thermodynamics ( Law #1 and #2)
Definition
Law 1# is the total amount of energy in the universe is constant, never changes.
Law #2 is some energy becomes unusable and increase entropy ( amount of disorder in the universe).
Term
Endergonic reactions
Definition
Energy in.
Term
Exergonic reaction
Definition
Energy out.
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
Uses oxygen to convert energy, stored in glucose, to energy that the cell can use ( ATP). ( exergonic process)
Term
Cellular metabolism
Definition
thousands of endergonic and exergonic reactions that are carried out.
Term
Energy Coupling
Definition
Uses energy from exergonic reactions ( obtain ATP from glucose) to do essential endergonic reactions( cell functions). ATP is the key to this.
Term
ATP ( adenosine triphosphate)
Definition
molecules consist of adenine ( a nitrogenous base) and ribose, and a chain of 3 phosphate groups. Because all 3 phosphates are negatively charged, they repel each other like a compressed spring.
Term
Conversion of ATP to ADP
Definition
Hydrolysis breaks the 3 phosphate bonds and when the 3rd phosphate leaves, energy is released. The remaining ATP thing is now to ADP.
Term
The hydrolysis of ATP is exergonic or endergonic?
Definition
exergonic. It "releases" energy. to COUPLE this reaction to an endergonic one, phosphorolation is necessary.
Term
Phosphorolation. How does it "couple" reactions?
Definition
The transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to some other molecule. Used after the (exergonic) hydrolysis of ATP, resulting in ADP and one P. The P is added to another molecule ( endergonic).
Term
3 main types of cellular work, driven by ATP
Definition
Chemical ( molecule formed) ,
Mechanical (Muscles moved) and
Transport ( across a membrane).
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