Term
| List the stages of the design cycle model. |
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Definition
The DCM comprises six stages, as follows:
• identifying or clarifying a need or opportunity
• analysing, researching and specifying
requirements
• generating ideas and solutions
• developing the chosen solution
• realizing the chosen solution
• testing and evaluating the chosen solution. |
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Term
Describe how designers use design
cycle models to represent the design
process. |
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Definition
Design may be described in a variety of ways
and degrees of complexity. Some design cycle
models are simple and some are more complex.
The design process usually consists of successive
stages that can be arranged as a systematic cyclical
process that eventually converges to produce a
solution to a problem. |
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Term
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Definition
The design brief is the formal starting point for a
new design. It is a statement of the expectations of
the design. The brief does not provide the design
solution, but is a statement that sets out:
• the design goal (for example, a working
prototype to be evaluated in terms of its
feasibility for volume production)
• the target market for the product (for example,
for children, disabled adults)
• the major constraints (for example, should
comply with new legislation, have fewer
working parts, be cheaper to manufacture)
within which it must be achieved
• the criteria by which a good design proposal
may be achieved (for example, increased
value for money and/or cost-effectiveness for
manufacturer). |
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Term
Describe the identifying stage of the IB
design cycle model. |
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Definition
The design brief states the intended outcome
and the major constraints within which it must be
achieved. |
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Term
| Describe a design specification. |
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Definition
The design specification justifies the precise
requirements of a design. The specification will
include a full list of the criteria against which the
specification can be evaluated. |
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Term
Describe the analysing, researching
and specifying requirements stage of
the IB design cycle model. |
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Definition
Developing the specification from the brief is an
evolving process beginning with an initial set of
specifications and culminating in a final product
design specification (PDS). |
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Term
Describe the generating ideas and
solutions stage of the IB design cycle
model. |
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Definition
Divergent thinking is used to consider ways in
which a problem may be solved. The starting point
for the generation of ideas should be the design
specification, and proposals should be evaluated
against this specification, with evidence of relevant
research used to rate the ideas in terms of their
usefulness. A variety of approaches should be used,
and different possibilities explored and analysed,
before deciding on the most suitable solution. |
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Term
Describe the developing the chosen
solution stage of the IB design cycle
model. |
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Definition
A final concept is developed taking into account
the conflicting needs of the manufacturer and
the user, and the requirement of the design as
set out in the specifications. A complete proposal
is developed based upon the research and the
designer’s personal ideas. This stage involves
detailed drawings (of a style relevant to the task). |
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Term
Describe the testing and evaluating
the chosen solution stage of the IB
design cycle model. |
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Definition
The final outcome is tested and evaluated against
the requirements set out in the specification.
Recommendations for modifications to the design
are made. A reiteration process should now begin. |
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Term
Explain the role of the designer in the
design process. |
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Definition
The designer’s role varies depending on the
complexity of the process and the intended
outcome. |
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Term
Describe how designers interact with
others and how the emphasis of the
design process varies depending on
the designer’s role. |
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Definition
Designers often work as members of a team.
Priorities will vary depending on the nature of the
activity. For example, the information required by
an architect will be different from that required by
an engineer. |
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Term
Explain why elements of the model
may differ in importance according to
the particular design context. |
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Definition
Depending upon the nature of the problem, not
all elements of the cycle carry the same weight in
terms of time allocation and complexity. Points to
consider include cost, resources, skills, time, original
design specification and product modification. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small changes to the design of a product that seem trivial but the cumulative effect of which over a longer period can be very significant |
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Term
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Definition
| Where a completely new product is devised by going back to the roots of a problem and thinking about a solution in a different way |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to analyze information in order to select an answer from alternatives. This tend to lend itself to incremental design. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using creative ability to produce a wide range of possible solutions to a problem. This tends to produce radical designs. |
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Term
Explain how design work is often
a combination of incremental and
radical thinking. |
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Definition
For example, the use of a new material for a
product may be a radical leap forwards but
the product may look very similar to previous
products: a tennis racquet made from carbon fibre
is a radical development, but the shape and form
are similar to previous designs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Analyzing a situation that would benefit from redesign, and working out a strategy for improving it. |
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Term
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Definition
| A solution to a problem in one field is used to provide a new idea for a design problem in another |
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Term
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Definition
| The transfer of an idea from one context to another |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of group think. A group with a recommended size of 10-12 people first devises wild ideas, all of which are written down. No criticism or evaluation is allowed until this is finished, as it is impossible to be creative and critical at the same time. The ideas are then criticized and evaluated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attribute listing identifies the key attributes of a product or process and then enables designers to think of ways to change, modify or improve each attribute. |
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Term
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Definition
| Morphological synthesis is an elaboration of attribute listing. After completing the list of attributes, list them along two sides of a 2D grid. Think creatively about how the attributes can be developed through new ideas in each of the cells to improve the design |
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Term
Discuss why designers use a variety of
techniques to develop ideas. |
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Definition
Actual techniques selected depend upon: personal
choice, design context and time/resources
available. |
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Term
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Definition
| The spontaneous representation of ideas on paper without the use of technical aids. |
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Term
Explain the purpose of two- and
three-dimensional (2D and 3D)
freehand drawings. |
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Definition
Designers use a range of freehand drawings in the
early stages of developing ideas to explore shape
and form (3D) and constructional details (2D). |
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Term
Describe the importance of
annotating freehand drawings. |
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Definition
Annotations explain the thinking behind the visual
image represented by the drawing. They allow the
designer to consider the implications of the ideas
for further development. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of flat views of an object showing it exactly as it is in shape and size. |
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Term
Explain the purpose of an
orthographic drawing. |
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Definition
An orthographic drawing shows details and
dimensions and can be used as a production
drawing. |
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Term
Identify the stage of the design
process where orthographic drawings
are relevant. |
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Definition
Orthographic drawings are produced at the final
solution stage and are used as working drawings in
the realization stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| A 3D representation of an object drawn with the horizontal plane at 30° to the vertical plane. |
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Term
Explain the purpose of an isometric
drawing. |
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Definition
drawing.
An isometric drawing depicts the proposed
solution in 3D showing shape and form. |
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Term
| Exploded Isometric Drawing |
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Definition
| The drawing is exploded to show component parts of a product and/or the sequence of assembly. |
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Term
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Definition
| A 3D drawing that realistically represents an object by utilizing foreshortening and vanishing points (usually imaginary ones). |
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Term
Explain the purpose of perspective
drawing. |
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Definition
| Perspective drawings take into account spatial arrangements, for example, foreshortening, while isometric drawings are constructed to a set angle. |
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Term
| Computer Aided Design (CAD) |
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Definition
| The use of computers to aid the design process |
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Term
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Definition
| A computer program that attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system. |
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Term
Outline two advantages and two
disadvantages of using CAD instead
of traditional drawing methods. |
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Definition
Consider the skills required, storage, complexity
and styles of the drawings, interfacing with other
aspects of information and communication
technology (ICT), time, cost and the purpose of the
drawings. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sequence of instructions to describe a set of actions |
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Term
Describe how an algorithm can be
used to communicate a process. |
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Definition
For example, consider the operation of a lift.
Correct sequencing is important, with input,
process and feedback. |
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Term
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Definition
| A schematic representation of a process |
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Term
| What are the basic flow chart symbols and what do they represent? |
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Definition
Elongated ovals designate start and stop points
Diamonds identify some logical decision
Rectangles identify processes.
Rhomboids identify input or outputs
Small circles are used as connectors between parts of the flow chart |
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Term
| What is the difference between Algorithms and Flow Charts. |
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Definition
| Algorithms are in verbal format whereas Flow charts are visual representations.. Both of a process |
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Term
Explain the purpose of various
models |
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Definition
| Models help us to visualize the intended solution or design. This could be a scale model or a prototype |
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Term
| Define mathematical model. |
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Definition
| A model using mathematical symbols that can be manipulated numerically. |
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Term
Describe three advantages of using
models as part of the design process. |
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Definition
| Communication with clients, communication with team members, and ability to manipulate ideas better than with drawings. |
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Term
Describe three limitations of the use
of models in the design process. |
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Definition
| Designers can easily make assumptions about how accurately a model represents reality: it may not work like the final product or be made of the same material. |
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