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DES Midterm
Study questions and Pictures
71
Architecture
Undergraduate 1
09/28/2008

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Describe ways in which Roman architectural form was more complex than Greek architectural form? Refer to the Pantheon and Trajan's Imperial Forum.
Definition
  • Had more vault and dome construction.
  • Architecture was not only meant to celebrate the external experience but also the internal one as shown in the Pantheon.
  • Buildings used hierarchical and orthogonal organization like in Trajan's Imperial Forum
Term
In what ways does the Romanesque cathedral formally anticipate the Gothic Cathedral?
Definition
  • Began building in a cross like shape
  • Use of buttress
  • Started using lighting in the tall thin naves to create elegance

 

 

Term
Describe the vaulting and buttressing system of gothic cathedral.
Definition
  • Vaults were less round
  • Buttress were perfectly placed to allow lateral loads on the thinning walls and roofs
  • Vault was given more of an organic look with elaborate ribs along the sides
Term
Describe Egyptians use of stereometric shapes.
Definition
  • Egyptians used stereometric shapes in balanced form to embody a constant eternal order.
Term
What existential space is concretized in Egyptian Architecture and how?
Definition
The Nile river was concretized because it was the lifesource of Egypt.
Term
What is included in a typical Egyptian temple complex and how are these parts arranged?
Definition
A typical temple complex consisted of pylons marking entrance to the sacred area, the colonnaded courtyard, the hypostyle hall and the sanctuary
Term
Describe the evolution of the architectural formal strategy from Zoser to Deir el Bahir to Karnak.
Definition
  • Zoser was an early example of an architectural system. The walls are metered out but wasnt yet organized along any major axis.
  • Deir el Bahir exhibits a mature architectural system. It was axially organized with a system of ramps, terraces, colonnades, courtyards and halls.
  • Temple of Karnak was a fully developed architectural system.  It had a dominant path with celebrated entrances, courtyards, and organized rooms.

 

Term
Why are Greek temples arranged to appear haphazard?
Definition
Greek temples are concretizations of individual existential situations which recognize the character of the land and lock it to the surrounding landscape.
Term
Describe the sequence into the Acropolis.
Definition
  • Contains the poropylea which is a temple dedicated to Athena Nike.
  • Also the erechtheion which is a temple for Attica, Poseidon, and Athena
  • Finally there is the Parthenon which is a temple dedicated to Athena Parthenos
Term
What are the three Greek orders?
Definition
  • Doric
  • Ionic
  • Corinthian
Term
How do you "train" your eye?
Definition
  • Actually see, see as much as you possibly can.
  • Along with seeing study, learn about the places that you are seeing
Term
Ten ways to explore and understand a building?
Definition
  1. Learn why it was built and what its function in the community was and is now.
  2. Raise your normal view and look up as you walk around.
  3. Sense the space.
  4. Train your eye to understand the structure.
  5. Determine how the materials are working.
  6. Determine how the building was constructed.
  7. Examine the historical presidents.
  8.  Analyze the composition, the proportions, and the rhythms.
  9. Observe the appropriateness of the building.
  10. Analyze what makes this building special.
Term
How is a building frame "topped out" in the United States and in Mexico?
Definition
  • Traditionally in the United States, when a building is topped out, workers place a fir tree on the roof.
  • In Mexico, when a building is topped, a handmade cross, decorated with ribbons and flowers, is blessed and placed on a prominent spot on top of the building.
Term
What was Charles Moore's approach to architectural education?
Definition

"taking students to see places and listen to people"

 

Seeing and understanding through travel, reading, drawing, theorizing, contemplation, and conversation make the key - but the most important learning comes from seeing.

Term
Why is admired architecture a good investment?
Definition
  • Admired architecture has a long, productive life.
  • Rewarding Sensual and intellectual
Term
What is the force that creates great architecture?
Definition
"The passion to build"
Term
Where does the word "architect" come from and what does it mean?
Definition

An experienced master builder

Archi(chief) - tecton(builder) or architecton

Term
Who certifies the use of the title architect?
Definition
The state certifies the use of the title architect.
Term
How can the experience of building be improved?
Definition
The experience can be improved by knowing the building intellectually, by learning its history and social purpose; and of course, as an architect would, by studying it in plan and section to understand its purpose.
Term
What three ways can a building cause aesthetic senstations?
Definition
  1. Treament of walls, proportions of windows, the relatin of wall-space to window-space
  2.  Treatment of the exterior of a building as a whole, its contrast of block against block, the rhythm of projections and recessions.
  3. Treatment of the interior, the sequence of rooms, the widening out of a nave at the crossing
Term
What distinguishes architecture from painting and sculpture?
Definition
  • Spatial quality
  • Architecture has a history of man shaping space
Term
What makes architecture the most comprehensive of all visual arts?
Definition
Architecture requires the sculptors and the painters modes of vision in addition to his own spatial imagination, thus it is the most comprehensive of all visual arts.
Term
Modernisms aesthetic intentions were called what by Hitchcock and Johnson? What was the Bauhaus?
Definition
  • They gave it the Name "The International Style"
  • The Bauhaus in Germany began as a design school for industrial production and later included architecture in the new aesthetic of modernism.
Term
What is "regionalism" in architecture?
Definition
  • A different direction from international style
  • Adjustment to fit the regional more localized cultural and environmental characteristics that modernists ignored.
Term
How did Le Corbusier describe a house?
Definition
"A house is a machine for living"
Term
What is programming?
Definition
Predesign process in which general ideas are formed for the building into specific requirements.  Usually done witht he client.
Term
What is a RFQ, and who sends it out?
Definition
A request for qualifications is required if you are selecting an architect when public funds are involved.  It is sent out by the building committee
Term
What are the three ways an architect's fee can be determined?
Definition
  1. A cost plus a multiple of direct expense agreement.
  2. A fee based on a percentage of construction cost.
  3. A lump-sum contract for the architect's services.
Term
What is the owner responsible for?
Definition
  1.   A legal description of the site with boundary stakes in the ground
  2. A topographic site plan showing the location of trees and other features, including utility entry points
  3. A subsurface soils and foundation survey
Term
After programming, what are the five main phases of an Architects service?
Definition
  1. Schematic Design
  2. Design Development
  3. Construction Documentation
  4. Bidding and Negotiating of Construction Contracts
  5. Construction Administration
Term
How do you encourage good workmanship?
Definition
Complements encourage good workmanship.
Term
What one deficiency completely inhibits a person from understanding architecture?
Definition
Poor spatial perception, lack of visualizing something in occupied or empty space is the only one deficiency that completely inhibits a person from understanding architecture.
Term
What five preparations are useful for studying architecture?
Definition
  1. Good general education
  2. A start in a second language
  3. Enough math and physics to handle intro college courses
  4. Experiences in freehand drawing
  5. Most importantly, extensive travel
Term
What is the teaching method for design?
Definition
A one-on-one discussion of the student's work, and relies on constructive criticism.
Term
What does Charrette mean?
Definition
Charrette means an intense effort over a period of time, like 24 to 48 hours, during which one goes without sleeping and one's mental and artistic abilites are concentrated into a creativity machine more effective than one ever could imagine.
Term
What are the steps to becoming a licensed architect?
Definition
  1. First you must receive a professional degree usualy taking 5 to 6 years.
  2. Second you must complete a three-year internship with a registered architect.
  3. After internship you qualify to take the Architectural Registration Exam consisting of 9 parts and taking months and sometimes years to complete.
Term
What are the two trinities of the professional architect?
Definition
  1. Commodity, Firmness, and Delight
  2. Business, Technology, Art
Term
What are three ways to enrich professional architecture practice?
Definition
  1. Be well organized
  2. Posses both business skills and people skills
  3. Having a flair for entrepreneurship
Term
What are the three worlds you will explore in design?
Definition
  1. Site, a place in the community or landscape
  2. Program, the owner's list of needs and desires
  3. Budget
Term
Define Scale and massing.
Definition

Scale - is the relationship of the building to human body or to the size and scale of the buildings nearby

 

Massing - is the proportional relationship of one mass of the building to another and to the whole building

Term
What is the Goldilocks Theory of Architecture?
Definition
simply make things "Just Right"
Term
Delight comes with the skillful manipulation of what elements?
Definition
  1. Handsome Proportions
  2. Rhythmic Sequences
  3. Richenss of Form
  4. Balance of Composition
  5. Dramatic Events
  6. Stimulating Color
Term
What can architecture's form, space, and iconography do?
Definition
  1. Communicate ideas
  2. Tell histories
  3. Evoke emotions
  4. Enhance spirituality
  5. Create a sense of place
Term
Why was archiecture called the Mother of the Arts?
Definition
  • It integrated painting, sculpture, music, and drama.
  • It was a concept that generated great ritual art and architecture through the collaboration of the artists
Term
What is the term for World Center
Definition
Axis Mundi
Term
What does Joseph Campbell adivse us about myths?
Definition
They help us experience the rapture of being alive.
Term
How are space and area different?
Definition

Area is flat and two-dimensional

Space is the three-dimensional substance in which we live

Term
How do you orient a building to engage the senses?
Definition
  • Consider what your eyes see
  • Orient the spaces so you will feel breeze and sense the heat of the sun or cool of shade.
  • Screen and protect from sounds that bother.
  • Avoid the harsh fumes
  • Just find the most desirable location for meals and snacks
Term
How is character expressed?
Definition
Character is expressed by the use of scale, form, materials, icon, and nuances reached by design study.
Term
What are the most important proportions?
Definition
  • Golden Rectangle - ratio of width to length of 1 to 1.618
  • Square root of 2 -  the ratio of 1 to 1.414
  • The simplest is the square
  • Double square and doulbe cube
Term
What do different windows express?
Definition
The size and shape of the window expresses what's going on behind it.
Term
When should you plan the furniture arrangement?
Definition
Before planning the walls
Term
Lotus Column - Egypt
Definition

[image]

 

  • Egyptian architecture used stone sculptures
  • Columns were meant to represent a closed lotus flower
Term
Parthenon - Greece
Definition

[image]

 

Architect - Pheidias

 

Temple to the God Athena Nike (Athena the Warrior)

Overlooks the Agora (Marketplace)

Term
Outside of Pantheon - Rome
Definition

[image]

 

Meant to celebrate the internal experience.

 

Term
Pantheon Plan - Rome
Definition

[image]

 

 

Term
Santa Sabina - Early Christian
Definition

[image]

 

  • Meant to Concretize Spiritualized Space
  • Side Isles were dark and Represented the World
  • Nave was Tall and Thin, Presaged Gothic Architecture
Term
Hagia Sophia (Section) - Early Christian
Definition

[image]

 

 

Term
Gothic Cathedral Section of wall
Definition

[image]

 

 

Term
St. Andrea in Mantua
Definition
[image]
Term
Einstein Tower
Definition

[image]

 

Architect - Erich Mendelsohn

  • Designed for concrete
  • Concrete Frame and Masonary Infill
Term
Glass Factory
Definition

[image]

 

Architect - Albert Kahn

Plant design came directly from the process of making glass

Term
Shroder House
Definition

[image]

 

Architect - Gerrit Rietveld

  • Despite it's modern appearance it is a wood framed house
Term
Villa Garches (Villa Stein)
Definition

[image]

 

Architect - Le Corbusier 

Term
Barcelona Pavilion
Definition
[image][image]
Term
Falling Water
Definition

[image]

 

Architect - Frank Lloyd Wright

  •  Meant to combine nature with Architecture
  • Thought it was a Failure
Term
Lever House
Definition

[image]

 

Archiect - Som

Located in New York City

Term
La Tourette
Definition

[image]

 

Architect - La Corbusier

Located in Monastery France

Term
Kimbell Art Museum
Definition

[image]

 

Louis Kahn

Located in Ft. Worth

Term
Otaniemi
Definition

[image]

 

Alvar Aalto

Pieces of building focus on the way that human interaction is inside

Term
An Architect's "Professional and Artistic" quality brings what five benefits to the client?
Definition
  • Commodity
  • Firmness
  • Delight
  • Structural Soundness
  • On Budget
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