Term
|
Definition
| superficial fascia layer deep to the skin. Not considered part of the skin, consists of loose connective tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The skin (epidermis and dermis) and its appendages (sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, nails) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Protection against injury, infection, and dessication
2. Regulation of body temp
3. Absorbs UV light
4. Contains sense receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arterio-venus anastomosis which is a component of the dermis, involved in body temperature regulation (decrease blood flow for heat conservation, increase to let off heat). Surrounded by capsule of connective tissue, numerous in fingers and toes. |
|
|
Term
| Layers of Epidermis (bottom to top) |
|
Definition
| Stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum/horny layer/cornified layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produce keratin, ectodermal origin, predominant cell in the epidermis, mitotic activity of keratinocytes regenerates epidermis every 30 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized branching cell in basal layer (stratum germinativum)of epidermis, synthesizes pigment (melanin) in melanosomes, melanosomes contain tyrosinase for melanin synthesis, neural crest in origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unique mechanism utilized by melanocytes to transport melanin from melanosomes to keratinocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cancer originating from melanocytes that divide, transform, and invade the dermis and lymph/circulatory systems, metastasizes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dendritic cells found in the stratum spinosum, have numerous long cytoplasmic processes, contain paddle-shaped Birbeck granules, function as antigen presenting cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oval cells near areas of well-vascularized, richly innervated connective tissue; function as sensory mechanoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| Stratum basale (germinativum) |
|
Definition
| Single, deepest layer of columnar or cuboidal keratinocytes that are mitotically active and attach directly to the basal lamina by hemidesmosomes, layer also contains melanocytes and merkel cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Layer a few keratinocytes thick, consisting of polyhedral ovoid nucleated keratinocytes (prickle cells), attached by desomsomes, keratin is bundles of intermediate filaments->tonofilaments->tonofibrils. With stratum basale = stratum malpighia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uncontrolled division of basal keratinocytes in the stratum basale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased proliferation of basal cells and incomplete keratinization of upper layer cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results from uncontrolled division of keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most superficial layer where nuclei can be seen, comprised of 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes. Keratinocytes contain keratohyalin granules, bundles of keratin filaments, membrane coating granules (producing a glycolipid that serves as a water barrier in the epidermis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clear, homogenous layer of flattened dead cells; just superficial to the stratum granulosum. Only found in thick skin. Keratinocytes contain eleidin (transformation product of keratohyalin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superficial layer, consisting of a thick layer of flattened, 14-sided scale like dead keratinocytes. Desquamation occurs from this layer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mesoderm derived layer of the skin underlying the epidermis. composed of DirCT (type I collagen and elastic fibers). Divided into dermal papillary layer and dermal reticular layer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uneven, forms dermal papillae, which interdigitate with basal surface of the epidermis. Contains Meissners corpuscles, loosely arranged fibers and cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Major portion of the dermis, composed of dense bundles of collagen fibers and elastic fibers. May contain Paccinian and Ruffini corpuscles, and krause's end-bulbs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressure receptor found in the dermal reticular layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Encapsulated mechanoreceptors similar in structure to Golgi tendon organs, found in the dermal reticular layer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cold and pressure receptors found in the deeper portions of the dermal reticular layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of hereditary diseases of the skin characterized by blister formation following minor trauma. Due to defects in the intermediate filaments and the anchoring fibrils (laminin 5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Swellings in the skin that result from increased collagen formation in hyperplastic scar tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coiled, simple tubular glands present in skin throughout the body (except lips and external genitalia). Contains dark, epithelial and clear cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| line the lumen of the eccrine sweat gand and contain many mucinoglycoprotein secretory glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| underlie dark cells in the eccrine sweat glands, are rich in mitochondria and glycogen. contain irregular canaliculi which extend tothe lumen of the gland. secrete a watery, electrolyte rich material. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lie scattered in incomplete layers of eccrine sweat glands beneath the clear cells. Cells can contract and aid in expressing glandular secretions into the duct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large, specialized sweat glands located in the axilla, areola, perianal region and wax glands of the auditory canal that function in response to hormonal influences. Apocrine is a misnomer because cytoplasm of the large coiled secretory cells does not become part of the secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Branched, holocrine, acinar glands with a short duct. Empty sebum into the neck of a hair follicle. Absent from palms and soles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an invagination of the epidermis extending deep into the dermis that forms an elongated keratinized structure (hair) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower expanded extremity of a hair that fits like a cap over the hair at the bottom of the hair follicle. Deeply indented by the dermal papilla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long, slender filament that is located in the center of the follicle and extends above the surface of the epidermis. Contains medulla, cortex and outer cuticle of hair. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rigid cylindrical tube that molds the hair. Composed of Henle's layer, Huxley's layer, and cuticle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct continuation of the strata basale and spinosum of the epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-cellular layer and represents a thickening of the basement membrane, separating the hair follicle from the surrounding dermal sheath. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contiguous part of the outer root sheath of the hair, provides insertion point for arrector pili muscles, have bulge cells (stem cells), marks permanent bottom of the the hair follicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle attaching at an oblique angle to the dermal sheath surrounding a hair follicle. Inserts into the papillary layer of the dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proximal end: cuticle/eponychium which overlies the lunula. Distal: underlain by the hyponychium. Grow via mitosis of cells in the nail root. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prominent stratum corneum, well developed stratum granulosum, distinct stratum lucidum. found in palms and soles, no hair follicles, sebaceous glands, nor arrector pili muscles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Less prominent stratum corneum, little or no stratum granulosum, no stratum lucidum, found over most of the body surface. |
|
|
Term
| Natural rubber latex allergy |
|
Definition
Type I allergy: IgE mediated immediate hpersensitivity due to natural proteins (anaphylaxis), also allergic to KABC, may occur if multiple surgeries during first year of life
Type IV: delayed hypersensitivity reaction due to chemicals added to latex (less often due to actual latex proteins)
Irritant contact dermatitis
Sx: hives, erythema and pruritis (suggestive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dermatitis, includes atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthmas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic inflammatory disease of the skin, frequently seen in pediatrics; characterized by itching, dry skin, erythema, edma, scaling, exoriations, oozing, lichenification |
|
|
Term
| Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis |
|
Definition
| 10-20% prevalence in WEstern industrialized countries; multi-factorial etiology; hygeine hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| Signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis |
|
Definition
| pruritis, dry scaly skin, crusted rash, small bumps that open and weep, redness and swelling, lichenification |
|
|
Term
| Infantile clinical phase of atopic dermatitis |
|
Definition
| Onset around 3months, under 6mos face and scalp affected, older age limb folds and hands affected. Chronic relapse and remission |
|
|
Term
| Infantile phase of atopic dermatitis |
|
Definition
| Onset around 3mos; face and scalp affected up to 6mos; older age hands and limb folds; course chronically relapsing and remitting |
|
|
Term
| Childhood phase of atopic dermatitis |
|
Definition
| 2-12 years of age, papular areas in flexural regions are common; persistant scratching leads to lichenified plaques and excoriations |
|
|
Term
| Adult phase of atopic dermatitis |
|
Definition
| flexural lichenified eczema with facial involvement in periorbital regions, upper trunk, shoulders, scalp affected with chronic remission and exacerbation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seen in atopic dermatitis: keratinization with dry, rectangular scales, accentuated palm creases, extensor aspect of arms and legs affected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of atopic dermatitis: Darker and larger keratinization than ichthyosis vulgaris, seen exclusively in males and involves the flexor region. Improves with age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicative of atopic diathesis, see more "wrinkles" under children's eyes than normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lateral part of eyebrow is alopecic due to chronic rubbing associated with atopic dermatitis |
|
|
Term
| Immunology of Atopic Dermatitis |
|
Definition
| Increased IgE production; increase in basophils and histamine release, decreased CD8, increased expression of CD23 on mononuclear cells; decreased number of INF-gamma secreting TH1-like cells; IL-4, 10 involved, TH2's active; antimicrobial peptides decreased |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of atopic dermatitis |
|
Definition
1. avoid triggers
2. control dry skin
3. treat inflammation
4. May need to treat infections like staph, warts, eczema herpeticum |
|
|
Term
| Primary food allergens in atopic dermatitis patients |
|
Definition
| eggs, peanuts, milk, wheat, fish, soy, chicken |
|
|
Term
| Side effects of topical corticosteroids |
|
Definition
Local: epidermal atrophy, steroid dependence, glaucoma/cataracts, increased susceptibility to infection
Systemic: suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, Cushing's syndrome, growth retardation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scaly, erythematous coin-shaped plaque that is associated with trigger irritants. Sub-type of atopic dermatitis |
|
|
Term
| Asteotic eczema (eczema craquele) |
|
Definition
| winter itch - dry skin that progresses to fissures, inflamed, crusted dermatitis |
|
|
Term
| Irritant contact dermatitis |
|
Definition
| most common form of occupational skin disease, occuring when normal epidermal barrier is disrupted and secondary inflammation develops. Non-immunologic response occurs due to direct toxic effect of irritant on the skin |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of irritant contact dermatitis |
|
Definition
1. define and remove exposure
2. moisturize
3. barrier creams
4. topical glucocorticoids
5. oral antihistamine |
|
|
Term
| Allergic contact dermatitis |
|
Definition
| allergen comes into contact with previously sensitized skin (unlike irritant dermatitis). Can cause type IV cell mediated hypersensitivity reaction (via Th1) |
|
|
Term
| Common causes of allergic contact dermatitis |
|
Definition
| poison ivy/oak/sumac, Ni/Au, balsam of peru, neomycin/bacitracin/polymixin, fragrance, formaldehyde |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allergens secondary to dyes used to color textiles and resins used to make clothes less likely to wrinkle or shrink. Occurs in areas where clothes fit more tightly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to determine allergic contact dermatitis culprits. not used to identify irritant contact dermatitis |
|
|
Term
| Epidemiology of psoriasis |
|
Definition
| 2% of US population affected; 150,000 cases diagnosed/year. Equally common in males and females. Average age of onset is in late 20's; genetic predisposition |
|
|
Term
| Human leukocyte antigens associated with psoriasis |
|
Definition
| HLA-B13, -B17, and others. There is a greater than expected frequency of association between these class I antigens of the MHC locus on human cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common type of psoriasis characterized by circular plaques of erthema and scaling on elbows and knees. Also see onycholysis, nail pitting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| linked to strep throat infection. appears as eruptive erthematous and scaly guttate ("drops") often confined to trunk and proximal extremities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves entire body, presents with generalized erythema and varying degrees of scale |
|
|
Term
| Non-cutaneous manifestations of psoriasis |
|
Definition
| ONLY psoriatic arthropathy, 5 patterns with arthritis mutilans being the most destructive. Psoriasis is also associated with heart attack and stroke. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| present on memory effector cells, CD4 and CD8 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Humanized monoclonal mouse antibody which binds to cytoplasmic component (CD11a) of LFA-1 on the T-cell, preventing interaction of t-cell with ICAM-1 on APC, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes. Treats psoriasis by preventing the pathologic effects that lead to plaque formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetically engineered human fusion protein comprising the cytosolic portion of LFA-3 linked to Fc of IgG. binds to and blocks CD2 so T cells are not costimulated, while NK cells are stimulated and and kill the T-cell. Used to treat psoriasis. |
|
|
Term
| Inflixamab, adalimumab, etanercerpt |
|
Definition
| Monoclonal antibody (1 & 2) and fusion protein (3) that bind to soluable and membrane bound TNF-a and inhibit its action (stimulation of keratinocytes). Treats psoriasis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monoclonal antibody that has specificity for the common p40 subunit of both IL-12 and 23. It binds and blocks the T-stimulating activity of the cytokines. Treats psoriasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Medium sized vessel necrotizing vasculitis that is associated with Hep B. Cutaneous PAN seen in 10% of cases, most commonly located on lower legs - painful purpuric ulcerative nodules with livedo reticularis (lacy, interlocking BV). Foot drop (mononeuritis multiplex) is a hallmark. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Linked to Hep C, or can be inherited or sporadic. 5P's: purple, pruritic, planar, polygonal, papules. Disorder of hepatic heme biosynthesis associated with uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase deficiency. Increased serum iron, ferriton and hepatocell. iron. |
|
|
Term
| Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia |
|
Definition
Associated with hep B and C. Most common cutaneous manifestation is palpable purpura of the lower extremities. Also causes arthritis, arthralgia, peripheral neuropathy, GI disease, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.
Also associated with autoimmune CT diseases and lymphoproliferative disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associated with hep C. White nails (leukonychia) on 2/3 of nail. Secondary to hypoalbuminemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extremely pruritic grouped or herpetiform papulovesicles with erythematous base on extensor surfaces, neck, scalp, buttocks. Associated with celiac disease, as well as common autoimmune disorders. Treat with dapsone. Caused by autoimmunity to tTransglutaminase in BMZ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mucosal hyperpigmentation. Seen in persons with defective STK gene, multiple GI polyps, risk of pancreatic cancer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Congenital hypertrophy of retinal epithelium, epidermal cysts, desmoid tumors, osteomas. Cutaneous findings precede onset of polyposis. 100% transformation to GI adenocarcinoma by age 30 in 50% of patients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Palpable purpura, urticaria, necrotic ulcers. Caused by URI, medication, foods, lymphoma. Worse prognosis for adults. Treat with systemic steroids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most common site of tumor is appendix, ileum is most common site for producing carcinoid syndrome. Causes pellagra-like lesions, flushing, pruritis, chronic watery diarrhea, respiratory symptoms, arthritis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| erythematous plaques seen more often in crohn's disease than ulcerative colitis. granulomatous disease. treat with NSAIDS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| earliest lesion is a pusutule with an inflammatory base. seen more often in ulcerative colitis than crohn's disease |
|
|
Term
| Hyperthyroidism - cutaneous findings |
|
Definition
| reversible alopecia, palmar erythema, swelling and clubbing of fingers, onycholysis |
|
|
Term
| Hypothyroidism - cutaneous manifestations |
|
Definition
| dry, brittle hair, alopecia, madarosis, generalized myxedema, |
|
|
Term
| Adrenal insufficiency - cutaneous manifestations |
|
Definition
| hyperpigmentation, palmar creases |
|
|
Term
| Cushing's syndrome/disease - cutaneous manifestations |
|
Definition
| altered subq fat distribution, skin atrophy, striae, cutaneous infections, appendageal effects (acne, hirsutism) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wermer's syndrome: cafe au lait macules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sipple's syndrome, lots of tumors, lichen amyloidosis, nostalgia paresthetic, mucosal neuromas - blubbery lips |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associated iwth DM, obesity, cushings, acromegaly, thyroid issues, medications, malignancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brownish hyperpigmentation caused by extravasated RBC's depositing hemosiderin and subsequent scarring. Most common cutaneous finding in diabetes |
|
|
Term
| Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum |
|
Definition
| Begins as well circumscribed erythematous plaque and becomes well demarcated reddish brown plaque with punched out ulcer and overlaying telangiectasia in anterior shin. Seen in >1% of diabetics, predominantly type I. Probably and inflammatory process due to high level of cutaneous perfusion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Painless tense blisters, eventually crust over, heal without scarring. Rarest cutaneous complication. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nonpitting induration, begins on the face and neck and spreads. Can restrict mobility, occurs in poorly controlled DM II. Huntly's papules (skin pebbling), prayer sign |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generalized and perforating, chronic and relapsing (not actually a granuloma), associated with diabetes (more disseminated in dm) |
|
|
Term
| Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa |
|
Definition
| Autosomal recessive disorder where epidermal-dermal adherence is poor due to a defect in the gene to make type VII collagen, found in anchoring fibrils. Skin and mucosal membranes blister easily and debilitating scarring occurs, like mitten deformities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Potentially autoimmune disorder that develops in elderly people, characterized by pruritis (mild) or blistering (severe) of the sub-epidermal space. Defect in type XVII collagen/BP 2/BP 180 antigen. |
|
|
Term
| Components of hemidesmosomes |
|
Definition
Plasma membrane: plectin, BP antigen 230
Lamina lucida interface: alpha-6 integrin, beta-4 integrin, collage XVII (BP 180 antigen) |
|
|
Term
| Components of lamina lucida |
|
Definition
| laminin 332 (laminin 5), laminin isoforms 1-10 |
|
|
Term
| Components of lamina densa |
|
Definition
| type IV collagen, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, nidogen |
|
|
Term
| Components of sub-lamina densa fibrillar zone |
|
Definition
| type VII collagen, type I collagen, microfibrils |
|
|
Term
| Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita |
|
Definition
| Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita is a chronic subepidermal blistering disease associated with autoimmunity to type VII collagen within anchoring fibril structures that are located at the dermoepidermal junction. |
|
|
Term
| Linear IgA bullous disease |
|
Definition
| Autoimmune blistering disorder with antibodies to BPA2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acquired autoimmune bullous disease characterized by IgG autoantibodies to desmoglein 3 (component of desmosomes), causing intra-epidermal blistering. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acquired autoimmune bullous disease characterized by IgG autoantibodies to desmoglein 1 (component of desmosomes), causing intra-epidermal blistering. |
|
|
Term
| EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA ACQUISITA (EBA) |
|
Definition
| IgG autoantibodies to type VII collagen causing a sub-epidermal blister. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symmetric muscle disease, autoimmune, high risk of malignancy with elevated CPK, manifests cutaneously as heliotrope, gottron sign, calcinosis cutis, mechanics hands, photosensitivity and periungual telangiectasia |
|
|
Term
| Cutaneous manifestations of renal disease |
|
Definition
| calciphylaxis: skin mottling that becomes necrotic ulcers, due to calcification of vasculature; nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: pruritis, pain, paresthesis, yellow scleral plaques, elevated plasma TGF-b1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Anagen phase: 3-5 years on scalp, most hairs in anagen phase, duration of this phase determines length of hair
2. Catagen phase: involution phase, lasts 2-3 weeks
3. Telogen phase: resting phase, lasts 3-5mos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| graying of hair. less melanin produced by melanocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autoimmune disease directed against the hair follicle. Can be: Areata (patchy), totalis (total scalp loss), universalis (total body loss). Nail pitting also apparent. Treat with steroids, anthralin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Patterned hair loss, most common type of hair loss in men. Polygenic inheritance. Dihydrotesterone dependent transition from large caliber terminal hairs to vellous hairs. Treat men with finasteride. In women, hairloss in christmas tree pattern. Do not use finasteride for women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute onset of diffuse hair shedding, usually related to systemic insult to body. Diagnose with hair pull test, look for clubbed hairs. No treatment necessary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impulse control disorder where patient pulls out hair. odd shaped patches, varying lengths of hair, increased catagen hairs, pigment cast. Treat with SSRIs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during secondary syphilis, moth-eaten appearance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammatory response to dermatophytes in hair. results in deep, tender, erythematous, boggy plaque with papules, pustules, crusting. can scar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spoon nails, caused by iron deficiency anemia, hemochromatosis and other disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extravasated blood along parallel longitudinal vessels of nail bed. Most commonly caused by trauma, also due to endocarditis, lupus, scleroderma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with pulmonary lymphedema, pleural effusions, chronic pulmonary or sinus infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transverse furrow in nail plate caused by temporary arrest of function of nail matrix, caused by local and systemic traumatic factors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paired, transverse, narrow, white bands parallel to the lunula. associated with hypoalbunemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single/multiple transverse white bands caused by poisoning (arsenic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| half and half nails, proximal nail is white, seen in hemodialysis and renal transplant patients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by medication, argyria, wilson's disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| longitudinal band of brown or black color, may be indicative of pigmented tumor of the nail, stronger indication in light skinned patient with hutchinson's sign (involvement of lateral or proximal nail fold) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defect in EDA gene, causing hypohidrotic disorders - reduced sweating, hypotrichosis, dental hypoplasia, dystrophic nails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hair tumors caused by overactive WNT pathway |
|
|
Term
| hereditary hypotrichosis simplex |
|
Definition
| androgenic alopecia caused by mutation in APCCD1 gene that creates a novel WNT inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| Regulatory pathways for regulation of hair growth |
|
Definition
| WNT (promotes), BMP (inhibits), FGF (?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fuels hair follicle regeneration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| induces hair growth, induced by SOX2 expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypo/de pigmentary disorder. autosomal recessive resulting in deficiency of melanin. Type I - tyrosinase negative (most severe form), type II - p gene negative, type III - tyrosinase related protein 1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autosomal recessive disorder in gene XP-A thru G defects. Defective DNA excision repair repair, acute sun sensitivity, mottling and freckling, narrowing of nares and mouth, 1000x increase in skin cancer, progressive eye problems, possible neurological involvement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurofibromin autosomal dominant disorder, hyperpigmented cafe au lait macules, crowe's sign (axial and inguinal freckling), bag of worms malignancy, lisch nodules, osseos changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Schwannin or Merlin gene defect, autosomal dominant. Bilateral acoustic neuromas, with no cafe au lait macules or freckling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TSC-1 or 2 gene defect, autosomal dominant mutation. Clincal triad: adenoma sebaceum, mental deficits, epilepsy, shagreen patch, koenan's tumors, hypomelanotic macules, affects major body systems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autosomal dominant disorder of fibrillin, tall disproportioned, ascending aortic aneurysm, mitral valve prolapse, myopia, retinal detachment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutations affecting collage function in skin, joints, vasculature with excessive stretching and skin fragility. Atrophic scarring, molluscoid pseudotumors, vasc fragility and rupture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| x-linked recessive disorder with deficiency in alpha-galactosidase A, anhidrosis, accumulation of globotriacycleramide, angiokeratomas, ESRD by 30yrs (maltese crosses) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flat, proliferation of slightly altered melanocytes within the epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| somewhat raised, melanocytes migrate tot he dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of nevus cells in the epidermis |
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for melanoma |
|
Definition
| UV exposure, personal history, family history, dysplastic nevi, immune suppression, age |
|
|
Term
| Superficial spreading melanoma |
|
Definition
| Arises intermittently on sun damaged skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arise on chronically sun damaged skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sun damage independent, has no radial growth phase, poor prognosis |
|
|
Term
| Acral lentiginous melanoma |
|
Definition
| most common melanoma for people of color |
|
|
Term
| Familial melanoma syndrome |
|
Definition
| Caused by defect in CDKN2A gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 290-320nm, reaches dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| creates free radicals in dermis, causes DNA strand breaks and 8-hyroxyguanosine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damages DNA directly, creating CPD's which make bulges in DNA and prevent normal transcription. If further damaged by UVB before repair, creates 6,4 photoproduct with covalent bond - more mutagenic, less common. |
|
|
Term
| DNA repair mechansim failures |
|
Definition
| C6T and CC6TT. If defective gene, get Xeroderma pigmentosum |
|
|
Term
| Genes associated with skin cancer (when damaged) |
|
Definition
| p53, PTCH, ras, BRAF, CDKN2A |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dark tanning on face, "mask of pregnancy" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the main epidermal produced pigment which imparts a brown to black color to the skin. It looks blue when deep in the dermis. |
|
|
Term
| Development of a melanosome |
|
Definition
TODA stages:
1. spherical membrane containing tyrosinase
2. Oval with filamental periodicity
3. Like 2, with some melanin
4. Electron opaque from melanin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Copper-containing ezyme in TODA I melanosomes, kept inactivated by SH compounds, activated by UV light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive sebum, propionibacterium acnes, genetics, retention hyperkeratosis of the pilosebaceous epithelial lining, inappropriate cytokine release, androgen excess |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reduce/eliminate:
1. comedogenesis obstruction
2. excessive sebum
3. p. acnes
4. inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 13-cis-retinoic acid; decreases sebum, vitamin A derivative, resets epithelium to be thinner. Can cause xerosis, chelitis, peeling, hyperlipidemia, category X teratogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in situ epidermal dysplasia from chronic sun exposure, precursor to squamous cell carcinoma. Treat with liquid nitrogen, fluorouracil, chemical peel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapidly growing, dome shaped crateriform papule/nodule. well-differenctiated squamous cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skin-colred horn on the face or scalp. ormally benign, but may overlie a squamous or basal cell carcinoma. treat with surgery/excision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| erythematous, slightly scaly patch that is sharply defined. Intraepidermal SCC, can be more aggressive than SCC arising from actinic keratosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common cancer in the US, associated with utation in CDKN2A or point mutation in p53. many types of BCCs. Run chronic course, not many metastases, usually obstruct vital structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basal cell nevus syndrome, characterized by 2 or more basal cell carcinomas before the age of 20. Other deformaties like odontogenic keratocysts, splayed ribs, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unilateral, sharply marginated erythematous crusted patch or plaque on the nipple. Associated with invasive or in-situ ductal adenocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Extramammary paget's disease |
|
Definition
| affects sites with apocrine glands, non-healing patch that is often misdiagnosed. Primary arises intraepidermally, other types: with underlying apocrine carcinoma, with underlying GI malignancy, with GU cancer |
|
|
Term
| Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans |
|
Definition
| locally aggressive tumor with high recurrence rate, characterized by a bulky, proturberant mass. Associated with 17-22 translocation. Slowly progressive but has a low metastatic potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superficial mycosis in the stratum corneum that appear as white macules, caused by M. furfur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Superficial mycosis in the stratum corneum only characterized by black macules caused by Hortaea werneckii |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superficial mycosis characterized by white hair nodules caused by Trichosporon beigelii |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superficial mycosis characterized by black hair nodules caused by Piedraia hortae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epidermal/skin/nail infections by fungi. Most common cause of tinea is Trichophyton rubrum, can also be caused by Microsporum and Epidermophyton. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cutaneous candida syndromes that affects skin folds. Begins as vesicopustules that rupture into maceration and fissuring. Scalloped border with white rim of necrotic epidermis, erythematous base. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skin infection from group A strep characterized by vesicopustular lesion that crusts a golden color. Can lead to post-strep glomerulonephritis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Skin infection caused by S. aureus, which release exfoliative toxins that cause separation of cells in the epidermis. Seen on newborns and kids. Crust is light brown in color. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Superficial cellulitis, peau d'orange skin with sharp raised border. Caused by group A strep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small erythematous papules with central pustule infecting hair follicles. Caused by staph aureus, p. aeruginosa (hot tubs), candida. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deeper infection than cellulitis, involving subcutaneous tissue. Caused by group A strep or staph aureus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caused by staph aureus, purulent infection, furuncles and carbuncles. Seen in IV drug users, may see fecal or mouth bacteria in abscess. |
|
|
Term
| Type 2 necrotizing soft tissue infection |
|
Definition
| Caused by group A strep, rapidly progressing inflammation and necrosis of skin, subq fat and fascia, and later muscle. |
|
|
Term
| Necrotizing cellulitis by vibrio vulnificus |
|
Definition
| Type 1 nec fasc associated with consumption of raw oysters. |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria from cat/dog bites |
|
Definition
| Pasteurella multocida (cat), pasteurella canis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
