Term
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Definition
| A lack of attachment formation |
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Term
What are the effects of privation?
(five effects) |
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Definition
-Reactive Attachment Disorder - the sufferer isolates themselves and shows sociopathic tendencies
-Poor language skills
-Lack of empathy
-Cognitive deficits eg low IQ
-Poor brain development |
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Term
What characteristics and issues did Genie show when she was found?
What were they like after she was adopted? |
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Definition
Before:
-poor language development
-poor intellectual development
After:
-She formed attachment to adoptive parents
-Cognitive abilities did improve
-Language never developed properly |
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Term
What characteristics and issues did the Czech twins show when they were found?
What were they like after they was adopted? |
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Definition
Before:
-Poor language skills
After:
-At 14 they had above average intelligence
-They formed good relationships |
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Term
| Institutionalised children were either adopted or returned to their families. What similarities and differences did the children from either group have? |
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Definition
Adopted children developed better than children that were returned.
Both groups were less successful at forming and seeked adult approval and attention. |
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Term
| What were the results of the study of Romanian orphans? |
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Definition
-Children adopted younger than 6 months developed at the same rate as adopted British children
-Children adopted at older than 6 months showed disinhibited attachments and problems with forming peer relationships |
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Term
What are the limitations with using case studies to study privation?
(seven things) |
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Definition
- Unethical- the child should be given care instead of studied
- Ungeneralizable- unique event and difficult to tell if all negative effects are caused by privation eg Genie may have had learning difficulties
- Hard to tell what effects of privation are due to influence of many other factors eg Czech twins were beaten, Genie was punished for making noise
- Temperament/resilience of child not taken into account
- Some information reliant on word of teachers or parents so subjective and not reliable
- Don't know extent of attachment before privation
- Mixed research evidence eg early discovery means better results |
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Term
| What was the results from Harlow's study into privation? |
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Definition
- Removal from isolation at three months- good recovery
- Removal from isolation at six to twelve months- disturbed behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of attachment through long term or short term separation |
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Term
| What was the Robertson and Robertson study into the effects of short term deprivation? |
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Definition
| A child, John, was in care at a hospital while his mother had a second baby. His behaviour was studied over the nine days he was there. |
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Term
| What are the three stages a child goes through when they are separated from their caregiver? What are the key behaviours of each stage? |
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Definition
PDD - Protest, Despair, Detachment
-Protest, anger at being left, attention seeking
-Despair, crying, not eating or sleeping
-Detachment, choosing to be alone, resisting contact from caregivers on their return. |
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Term
What are the weaknesses of Robertson and Robertson's research?
(two things) |
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Definition
-Doesn't consider individual differences eg age of children and stage of attachment, temperament of child
-Negative effects are not always inevitable and effects of separation can be mediated |
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Term
| What is the strength of Robertson and Robertson's research? |
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Definition
| It changed hospital practise as a result so there is more family visitation and parent and child stay together |
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Term
| What is Bowlby's Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis? |
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Definition
| The consequence of a broken attachment during the critical period or if there is no adequate mother substitution would be emotional disturbance. |
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Term
What is the supporting evidence for Bowlby's Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis?
(two studies) |
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Definition
-Goldfarb, A group of institutionalised children had lower IQ than a group of fostered children
-Spitz and Wolf, a third of institutionalised children died before the age of 1 and the others had 'anaclitic depression'. This was reversed if the separation was shorter than 3 months.
37% of children living in an orphanage had died after two years, all of the children living in a penal institution with their mothers were alive five years later. |
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Term
| What is Bowlby's study into deprivation? Describe the study and the results. |
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Definition
44 juvenile thieves were compared with children with 'emotional disturbance'.
-32% of thieves are affectionless psychopaths.
-86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced separation from the caregiver for over a week before the age of 5
-17% of the children without affectionless psychopathy had experienced separation. |
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Term
| What are the limitations of Bowlby's study into deprivation? |
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Definition
-Researcher bias, Bowlby diagnosed the affectionless psychopathy
-Data on separation was collected retrospectively
-Some children were only separated for a short time so may not be enough to cause affectionless psychopathy.
-Evidence is correlational, correlation doesn't mean causation |
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Term
What is the contradictory evidence for Bowlby's Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis?
(Evidence from four studies) |
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Definition
-Bohman and Sigvardsson - at age 11-26% of 600 adoptees were 'problem' children. At 21- all no different from rest of population
-Bifulco - negative effects may only surface after triggers
-Rutter - 2,000 boys aged 9-12 were studied and reason behind separation is important - boys separated due to family discord were 4x more likely to be delinquent
-Quinton and Rutter - 60% of 450 UK children who had experienced repeated hospital admissions and had no later emotional disturbance |
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