Term
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Definition
| As defined by DoDD 1350.2, a race is a division of human beings identified by the possession of traits that are transmissible by descent and that are sufficient to characterize persons possessing these traits as a distinctive human genotype |
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Term
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Definition
| Ethnicity, as noted by Parrillo, is a cultural concept in which a large number of people who share learned or acquired traits and close social interaction regard themselves, and are regarded by others, as constituting a single group on that basis |
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Term
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Definition
| Some members of a cultural group may adapt their cultural traits to those of the host society |
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Term
| The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) |
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Definition
Races
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander
White |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) definition of White is |
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Definition
| A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa |
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Term
| Historical Experiences of White Americans |
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Definition
The early Immigrant Ethnic Groups included
1st phase 1600-1800
English
Germans
French
Scot Irish |
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Term
| 2nd Phase: Era of mass immigration (1820-1880 |
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Definition
| About 15 million immigrants made their way to the United States by 1880. Many chose agriculture in the Midwest and Northeast, while others flocked to cities like New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Baltimore |
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Term
| Circumstances/conditions for coming to North America |
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Definition
Many of the original settlers refused to compromise passionately held religious
Political oppression and turmoil
Many immigrants came to the U.S. to escape their war-torn countries |
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Term
| The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 |
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Definition
| passed by the U.S. Congress was based on a fear of infiltration of radical immigrants full of dangerous ideas hatched by the French Revolution. These acts allowed the president to expel foreigners whom he deemed dangerous on suspicion of treasonable activities |
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Term
| The Hart-Celler Act of 1965 |
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Definition
| The law replaced the quotas with preference categories based on family relationships and job skills deemed critical in the U.S. Dept of Labor |
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Term
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Definition
| smoke tobacco at a higher rate than any other ethnic group |
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Term
| Prominent Religions for Whites |
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Definition
| The non-Hispanic White American population in the US identify themselves as 78% Christian (53% Protestant, 22% Catholic, 2% Mormon, 1% Orthodox, 1% Other Christian), 5% Other Religions (to include 2% Jewish), and 16% unaffiliated or unknown |
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Term
| Significant Issues Facing White Americans Today |
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Definition
European American teenage boys have the highest suicide rate of any group (―Issues of Concern,‖ n.d.).
d. European American teenage girls have the lowest self-esteem of any group in the country |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Black or African American refers |
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Definition
| People having origins in any of the Black race groups of Africa‖ (Office of Management & Budget). It includes people who reported their race as ―Black, African American or Negro‖ or who wrote in entries such as ―African American,‖ ―Afro American,‖ ―Nigerian,‖ or ―Haitian |
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Term
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Definition
| Black/African American history began when a group of Black slaves were forcibly shipped from their homes in Africa to America, where they were used as cheap agricultural labor |
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Term
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Definition
| The laws enforced racial segregation of African Americans in public transportation, hospitals, schools, churches, and even cemeteries. In Southern cities, Whites enforced severe housing discrimination and segregated housing areas |
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Term
| Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896 |
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Definition
| Separate but equal‖ was a Supreme Court decision that upheld racial segregation and became the rule for the Southern and border states |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest Black Protestant denomination is the Church of God in Christ |
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Definition
Young Black males are 10 times more likely to be murdered, especially those living in inner cities.
b. Of all the nation’s prisoners, 46% are Black.
c. Eighteen percent of Blacks have no health insurance.
d. Representation and voting - Since the 1960s and 1970s, there has been a gradual increase in Black elected officials; Black voters still are under represented at the polls |
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Term
| Asian/Pacific Americans (APA |
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Definition
| APAs consists of two races, as defined by the U.S. Government Office of Management & Budget (OMB |
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Term
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Definition
| Asian” refers to those having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent. Many population groups fall under the category of Asian. Examples include: Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam |
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Term
| Historical Experiences of Asian Pacific Americans |
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Definition
| Probably the greatest influence was by the group of missionaries who arrived from New England in 1820. They left a lasting imprint in fields of religion, education, economics, and politics |
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Term
| According to the Hawaiian Islands Regional Center, Hawaii became a territory of the United States in 1898 |
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Definition
| Hawaiian Sugar Planters‟ Association (HSPA), founded in 1895, actively recruited workers from China and other Asian Countries, turning Hawaii into an “economic colony” of the United States |
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Term
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Definition
| At first, the Americans welcomed the Chinese people as cheap labor. However, the California depression of 1876 greatly changed that perception; Americans started viewing Chinese people as a threat |
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Term
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Definition
| Often referred to as Luzon Indians or Manila Men, Filipinos were on sailing ships on the world's seas and oceans from the earliest of times |
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Term
| Korean American experience |
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Definition
| The landing of the S.S. Gaelic into Honolulu Harbor in January 13, 1903 marked the first wave of Korean immigration |
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Term
| In 1882, Congress enacted the Chinese Exclusion Act, a law that barred immigration of Chinese contract laborers for 10 years. That law, subsequently renewed, was not repealed until 1943 |
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Definition
| The 1913 California Alien Land Law barred all aliens ineligible for citizenship and, therefore all Asian immigrants, from owning land in California, even land they had purchased years before |
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Term
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Definition
| Hepatitis B chronically infects about 1.5 million people in the U.S., and AAPIs account for over half of all the cases |
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Term
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Definition
| The most practiced traditional religions by Asian Americans include: Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Shintoism, Hinduism, and Christianity |
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Term
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Definition
| The Air Force experienced the best retention among the four components, while retention in the Marine Corps was the lowest due to its specific force structure requirement of having a very large first-term force |
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Term
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Definition
| Despite being subjected to prejudice and discrimination, a large number of Nisei (first generation Japanese-Americans born in the United States) volunteered for service in the U.S. Army |
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Term
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Definition
| More than 200,000 Filipinos fought alongside and aided American troops in World War II, but a 1946 law denied or limited their service-related benefits and veterans‟ status |
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Term
| Hispanic/Latino Americans fall under the White racial category, as per the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) definition |
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Definition
| A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa |
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Term
| The census defines Hispanic or Latino ―A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race |
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Definition
| Thus, the social ethnic group, commonly referred to as ―Hispanics,” includes all immigrants from Latin American countries and their offspring. includes Hispanic Americans originating from |
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Term
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Definition
| The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican-American War in 1848 |
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Term
| The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and, later, the Immigration Act of 1917 created a shortage of manual laborers in the U.S. However, the demands for labor, especially for agricultural and railroad workers, increased |
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Definition
| In the 1920s, over one million Mexicans came to the United States. Most of them worked on farms as laborers, they were already earning low wages |
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Term
| Those that signed on to the Bracero Program were given temporary working visas to enter and work in the United States. Once their contracts expired, they had to return their visas and return to Mexico. 13 |
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Definition
| Because of the complaints, ―Operation Wetback‖ was launched in Texas in 1954 in which mass deportations of illegal Mexican workers were conducted daily through the search of U.S. businesses. Illegal workers were returned to Mexico at the nearest border town. A total of 1.1 million individuals were returned to Mexico through Operation Wetback. 15 |
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Term
| The U.S. government launched Operation Bootstrap in 1945 to help the island develop economically. U.S. industries received substantial tax advantages if they made capital investments in Puerto Rico. The tax breaks and abundant supply of low-cost labor encouraged businesses to build 300 new factories by 1953, creating over 48,000 new jobs |
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Definition
| Despite the creation of thousands of factory jobs through Operation Bootstrap, the collapse of the Puerto Rican sugar industry in the 1950s triggered the beginning of ―La Migracion,‖ one of the most dramatic voluntary exoduses in world history |
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Term
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Definition
| Among South American countries, Colombia supplies the most immigrants to the United States with more than 314,000 since 1981. 53 |
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Term
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Definition
| In 2005, the median family income was $37,534 for Puerto Ricans, $35,838 for Mexicans, and $46,717 for Cubans |
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Term
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Definition
| It is significant to note that Hispanics have the highest uninsured rates of any racial or ethnic group |
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Term
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Definition
| In the Hispanic world, religion has traditionally played a significant role in daily activity. More than 90% of the Spanish-speaking world is Roman Catholic. In recent years, other faith denominations have experienced growth within the U.S. Hispanic community. 111 |
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Term
| Contributions to Society and the Military |
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Definition
| It was the Mexicans who took the cattle, sheep, and horses, which the Spaniard brought to this continent, transformed, and passed on the concept and art of ranching to the Anglo American. 140 |
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Term
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Definition
| is not race that identify Arab Americans, but specific cultural, linguistic, and ethnic identification, including country of origin and regional traditions |
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Term
| Who can be defined as Arab American? Arab Americans are comprised of two distinct ethnic groups |
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Definition
People of Arab descent: Originating from North Africa and the Middle East – the so-called ―Arab World‖, in which Arabic is the prevalent language
People of non-Arab descent: originating from Turkey, Iran (historically known as Persia), and Afghanistan. This group is referred to as belonging to the West Asian Arab American category |
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Term
| Racially speaking, Arab Americans are Whites, as per the Office of Management and Budget definition of White |
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Definition
| A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa |
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Term
| Historical Experiences of West Asian/Arab Americans |
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Definition
| The Arab world refers to 21 Arabic speaking countries that cover a territory from the African shores of the Atlantic to the Arab/Persian Gulf in Asia. Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen are the countries referred to as the Arab world. Some Arabs are Israeli citizens. The Arab world does not include Turks, Iranians, and Afghans, whose native language is not Arabic. Also, note that the United Nations have replaced the term ―Middle East‖ and ―Near East‖ with ―West Asia |
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Term
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Definition
Early Immigrants formed a community or village-oriented entrepreneurs.
Religious traditions were primary identification.
Many were self-employed.
Family orientations were very strong.
Self-enclosed ethnic community |
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Term
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Definition
Afghan immigration into the U.S. has primarily occurred since the Soviet invasion in 1979.
2) There are approximate 100,000 Afghan Americans. Forty percent of Afghan Americans live in the San Francisco Bay Area |
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Term
| Educational Attainment of West Asian/Arab Americans |
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Definition
| Education and learning are highly valued by West Asian/Arab Americans. This is due, in part, to a long history of scholarship in the Arab world, where the attainment of wisdom for a productive life was an important goal |
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Term
| Economic Status of West Asian/Arab Americans |
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Definition
The spirit of entrepreneurship.
2.Family is the most common answer behind Arab American success is support of the family and the ability of families to work together.
3.The importance placed on education |
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Term
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Definition
| Generally, family is more important than the individual and more influential than nationality. People draw much of their identity from their role in the family |
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Term
| Unique WA/AA Cultural Characteristics |
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Definition
| Facing: When an Arab American is speaking to you, he/she will always face you. Anything else is considered impolite |
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Term
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Definition
| WA/AAs may or may not practice a specific faith. Some Arab Americans are Jewish, some are Orthodox or Catholics (usually those of Lebanese, Armenian, or Syrian descent), and some others are Atheists, Agnostic, or have Humanist beliefs |
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Term
| Religious Observances & Practices |
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Definition
| The three religious holidays celebrated by Arab American Muslims are also celebrated by Muslims everywhere. They are Ramadan, Eid al-Fitr, and Eid alAdha |
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Term
| Major Contributions to the U.S. Military |
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Definition
| Arab Americans have been serving and giving their lives to the U.S. since the Revolutionary War (Private Nathan Badeen). According to the Association of Patriotic Arab Americans in the Military (APAAM |
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Term
| Definition of Jewish American |
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Definition
Any person who is born of two Jewish parents is a Jew.
2) Any person born of one Jewish parent and who raises his children in Judaism is a Jew.
3) A person who adheres to the Jewish religion and honestly lives by our tradition and says of himself that he is Jewish is a Jew .
4) All who formally convert to Judaism in any manner that they find justified a manner regarded as legitimate by any branch of Judaism and in is a Jew |
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Term
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Definition
| Hasidic, Black Hebrew and Falashim, Reconstructionists |
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Term
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Definition
| Jews are much more successful economically and educationally than other ethnic, racial, and religious groups in the United States (Burnstein, 2007 |
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Term
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Definition
| central in maintaining Jewish culture and a cornerstone tradition; it is primarily nuclear in structure, and it is part of religious practices |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Judaism, marriage is the fulfillment of one of God’s purposes for human beings. Consequently, all Jews, including rabbis, are intended to experience both the joy and hardship of matrimony |
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Term
| Shabbat (The Sabbath): most holy day in the Jewish year; it occurs each week, on the seventh day, starting on sundown Friday and ending at sundown Saturday. It is observed as a day of holiness, rest, and rejoicing |
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Definition
| Rosh Hashanah (Rosh-Ha-sha-nah): Jewish New Year; it is the first of the High Holy Days, which marks the beginning of a ten-day period of penitence and spiritual renewal |
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Term
| Yom Kippur (Yom Kee-poor): Day of Atonement. The second most holy day in the Jewish year, it is marked by fasting and prayer as the Jew seeks forgiveness from both God and man |
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Definition
| Sukkot (Soo-kot): Feast of Booths (Tabernacles). It commemorates the 40year wandering of the Israelites in the desert on the way to the Promised Land. It expresses thanksgiving for the fall harvest. The Pilgrim fathers used it as a model for the American observance of Thanksgiving |
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Term
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Definition
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| AI/AN Race & Ethnic Composition |
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Definition
| A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment‖ (FedStats |
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Term
| Origins of Native Americans |
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Definition
| Scholars believe that ancestors of the Native Americans migrated from Asia 12,000 to 40,000 years ago over a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska. This land bridge, known as Beringia |
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Term
| The Indian Removal Act (I.R.A) of 1830 – Although the act was meant to encourage Native Americans to voluntarily give up lands east of the Mississippi River, the process of removal was one of misdeeds and corruption |
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Definition
| The Dawes Act/ General Allotment Act of 1887 – Established a census of AI/ANs known as the Dawes Rolls and allotted tribal lands to individual American Indians (Davis, 2010). The purpose of the Dawes Act and the subsequent acts that extended its initial provisions was purportedly to protect American Indian property rights, particularly during the land rushes of the 1890s, but in many instances, the results were vastly different |
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Term
| The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 – Gave U.S. citizenship to AI/ANs, including the right to vote in national elections. However, it did not provide full protection under the Bill of Rights to AI/ANs living under tribal governments |
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Definition
| The Curtis Act of 1898 – Reaffirmed allotment of tribal lands on Indian reservations and ended tribal sovereignty in the territories (Davis, 2010). In effect, the Curtis Act helped weaken and dissolve Indian Territory tribal governments by abolishing tribal courts and subjecting all persons in the territory to federal law |
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Term
| AI/ANs’ Unique Characteristics |
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Definition
| Note: Impoverished AI/ANs are usually living in areas of either historic tribal locations or in 19th-century Indian reservation resettlements, especially those located in the Northern Plains, the Southwest, Oklahoma, and Alaska. The poverty rate of AI/ANs in these high-poverty counties was 41%, a level greater than that of the dominant minority in other types of high-poverty counties (2004 data |
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Term
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Definition
| There are three main concepts: the world of spirits, Mother Earth, and the circle of life |
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Term
| World of spirits – Spirits are worshipped, feared, and respected. They are thought to inhabit trees, plants, birds, and other animals. Cosmic phenomena are also considered spirits, including the sun, the moon, thunder, lightning, the four winds, and the thunderbirds. Guardian spirits (a helpful, personal spirit) were recognized as possessing extraordinary individual spiritual power |
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Definition
| Mother Earth – Also of importance is Mother Earth (earth and land), as it is believed to be a living, breathing, spiritual entity to whom thanksgiving and reverence is due. Mother Earth is seen as a sacred and inalienable mother to |
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Term
| The circle of life – In life, everyone is related. All of life travels within a circle. Everything is connected within that circle and eventually comes back around. Traditionally, the circle is called the medicine wheel or the circle of life. Everything has a purpose and is intentional. Nothing is an accident |
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Definition
| Homicide, Suicide, and Injuries – American Indians and Alaska Natives die at higher rates than other Americans from homicide (61%) and suicide (62 |
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