the first step in manual processing is ?

development

in the manual film processing, the rinsing step is necessary because?

rising removes the developer from the film and stops the development process

the film emulsion is hardened during ?

fixation

in manual film processing, the optiomal temperature for the developer solution is ?

68F

the size of a darkroom is determined by all the followin factors except?

humidity level of the room

the safelight must be placed a minimum of what distance from the film and the work area?

4 feet

the GBX-2 safelight filter by Kodak is recommended for ?

intraoral and extraoral films

the thermometer for manual processing should be place in the ?

developer solution

all the following factors affect the life of the processing solutions except?

type of safelight filter used

a replenisher is added to the processing solution to ?

• ^{compesate for the loss of solution strenght}
• ^{ensure uniform results between solution changes}
• ^{compensate for oxidation}

a breakdown of chemicals int he processing solution that results from exposure to air is termed?

oxidation

appearance of a fogged film

gray

appearance of a overdeveloped film and fixer cutoff

black

appearance of underdeveloped film

light

appearance of light leak

black

appearance of developer cutoff

white

purpose of film processing

• to convert the latent (invisible) image of the film into a visible image 
• to preserve the visible image so it is permanent so its not disappear from the dental radiograph

latent image

• this pattern of store energy on the expose film can not be seen
• the latent image remains invisible within the film emulsion until it undergo chemical proccesing procedures

reduction

• when the chemical reaction occurs and the halide portion of the expose energize silver halide crystal is remove

selective reduction

• reduction of the energize expose silver halide crystal into black metallic silver while the unergize unexpose silver halide crystal are remove from the film

radiolucent

• one readily permits the passage of the xray beam and allow more xray the reach the film
• if more xray reach film more silver halide crystal in the film emulsion are expose and energize, resulting in increasing deposites of black metallic silver
• a radiograph with large deposits of black metallic silver appears black or radiolucent

radiopaque

• resist the passage of the xray beam and restrict or limits the amount of xray that reach the film
• if not xray reach the film, no silver halide crystal in the film emulsion are expose, no deposit of black metallic silver are seeing
• a radiograph of areas of unexpose silver halide that have been remove during processing with no black methalic silver deposit appear white or radiopaque

the purpose of developer is to ?

• reduce the expose, energized silver halide crystals chemicly into black metallic silver
• the developer solution soften the film emulsion during this process

rising

• is necessary to remove the developer from the film and stop the development process

fixing

• purpose of the fixer is to remove the unexposed, unenergized silver halide crystal from the film emulsion

washing

• remove all excess chemicals

film processing steps

• development
• rising
• fixing
• washing
• drying

film processing solutions

• fresh chemical produce the best radiograph
• to maintain freshness film processing solutions most be replinish daily and change every 3 to 4 weeks

developing agent

known as a reducing agent, contain two chemicals

• hydroquinoni
• elon

purpose to reduce the expose silver halide crystals chemically to black metallic silver

fixing agent

• remove all the unexpose, undevelop silver halide crystals from the emulsion

thermometer

• necessary for manual processing and is use to determine the tempeture of the developer solution

replenisher

a super concentrated solution that is added to the processing solutions to compensate for the lost of volume and streghth that result from oxidation

oxidation

• the process that occurs when developer and fixer solutions combine with oxygen and lose strength, takes place when the processing solutions are expose to air

automatic film processing

• development
• fixing
• washing
• drying

automatic processing is prefer over manual film processing for the following reasons

• less processing time
• time in tempeture are automaticly control
• less equipment is use
• less space is required

highly concentrated chemical solution design to react at tempeture?

between 80f degrees and 95f degrees

cleaning film

• remove any residual gelatin or dirt from the rollers

replanisher

result in exausted solution and nondiagnostic radiograph

safelight consist of a lamp equipped with a low wattage bulb

7.5 or 15 watts

film that are unwrapped to close to the safelight or expose to safelight ilumination for more than 2 to 3 min appears fogged

a safelight most be place a minimum of 4 feets

a good universal safelight filter recommended for use in a darkroom in which extraoral and intraoral films are process is

GBX-2 safelight filter by kodak

the duplication of film requires

• film duplicator
• duplicating films

film duplication

• arrange the radiograph
• place the duplicating film/place the emulsion side down/emulsion side will appear dull and gray or lavander in color
• secure the duplicator lid
• set timer/the longer the duplicating film is expose to light the lighter will appear
• process the film
• label the duplicate radiograph

processing problem occurs

• time in tempeture errors
• chemical contamination errors
• film handling errors
• lighting errors

time and tempeture problems

• underdevelop film/LIGHT/inadequate development time/development solution to cool
• overdevelp film/DARK/Excessive development time/development solution to hot

chemical contamination

• developer spots/DARK OR BLACK SPOTS/ developer comes in contact with film before processing

• fixer spots/WHITE OR LIGHT SPOTS/fixer come in contact with film before processing

• yellow brown stains/YELLOW BROWN COLOR/insuficient fixation time/insuficient rinsing

film handling

• overlap films/WHITE OR DARK APPEAR 
• fingernail artifact/BLACK CRESCENT SHAPE MARKS/rough handling
• fingerprint artifact/BLACK FINGERPRINT/touch by fingers that are contaminated
• static electricity/ THIN BLACK BRANCHING LINES/OPEN TOO QUICKLY  
• scratch film/WHITE LINES/touch by sharp object

• lighting

• light leak / expose area appears BLACK
• fog film / GRAY lack of detail and contract/ improper safelighting/light leaks in darkroom