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Dental Pathology
Lesions, Immune System, Cysts and Cancers
156
Other
Undergraduate 3
03/09/2009

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Term
vesicle
Definition
small, fluid filled lesion (< 1 cm.); small blister; ex: cold sore associated w/ oral herpes
Term
bulla
Definition
larger (than vesicle) fluid filled lesion; large blister (> 1 cm); ex: pemphigus and pemphigoid
Term
papule
Definition
small circumscribed lesion which elevates or protrudes
Term
nodule
Definition
larger (than papule) palpable lesion; above, at or below tissue surface
Term
lobule
Definition
lesion with lobes or segments; ex: some tori
Term
exostosis
Definition
nodular overgrowth of normal compact bone; similar to torus, different location; COMMON ON posterior buccal alveolar bone
Term
leukodema
Definition
generalized white/gray film "opalescence"; more often in black pts.; film disappears or is reduced when buccal mucosa is stretched; commonly bilateral
Term
local signs of inflammation
Definition
*redness *swelling *heat *pain *loss of function
Term
systemic signs of inflammation
Definition
*fever (pyrogens affect the hypothalmus, which controls temp.) *leukocytosis (increased # of circulating WBCs) *lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes) *elevated c-reactive protein (produced by liver during inflammation; higher CRP = higher risk of stroke and heart attack)
Term
acute inflammation
Definition
*short duration *possibly severe course *neutrophils (pmns)
Term
chronic inflammation
Definition
*longer time *exacerbation & remission *macrophages *lymphocytes *plasma cells
Term
repair only occurs when
Definition
source of inflammation/injury is removed
Term
neutrophils
Definition
1st to site;most numerous (60-70% normally); phagocytosis
Term
monocytes
Definition
once in tissue, called macrophages;2nd to site;phagocytosis
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
associated w/chronic inflammation; immune response- B (plasma) make immunoglobin (antibodies)- T= memory, helper, killer
Term
plasma cells
Definition
active B lymphocytes
Term
eosinophils
Definition
WBCs; inflammation & immunity
Term
mast cells
Definition
histamine
Term
chemical response to injury: Kinin System
Definition
*early stages of inflammation *chemicals that induce pain; dilation of blood vessels; increased permeability of blood vessels
Term
chemical response to injury: clotting mechanism
Definition
stops bleeding at site of injury
Term
chemical response to injury: Complement system
Definition
*proteins *help mast cells release histamine *cytolysis-> death of foreign cells *opsonization-> improves phagocytosis *pmn's (neutrophils) *macrophages
Term
attrition
Definition
wearing away of occlusal and incisal due to normal chewing; more seen in older patients
Term
bruxism
Definition
grinding an clenching for non-functional purposes; wear facets; hypertrophy of chewing muscles, muscle fatigue/pain; TMJ pain; tooth mobility; TX- occlusal adjustment, bite splint, stress reduction
Term
abrasion
Definition
mechanical- improper toothbrushing, hard brush, pipe smoking; on cervical and root surfaces; usually asymptomatic; TX- OHI, restoration
Term
abfraction
Definition
wedge shaped lesions at cervical area; occlusal (biomechanical) stresses on tooth; TX- restoration with composite or glass ionomer
Term
erosion
Definition
chemical action; appear smooth and polished; lingual and facial surfaces, most common; result from bulimia, diet (lemons), cocaine, etc
Term
mucosal burns
Definition
aspirin or hot foods; white, necrotic ulceration; painful; may slough off, leaving large erythematous area; heals in 1-3 weeks
Term
hematoma
Definition
trauma (bruise); asymptomatic; initially ice and direct pressure may decrease size, no other tx needed
Term
traumatic ulcer
Definition
common; injury due to biting lip, cheek or tongue, also removing removing dry cotton from mucosa, toothbrushing, etc; HISTORY IS IMPORTANT; should heal in 7-14 days, if ulcer persists, biopsy may be indicated
Term
hyperkeratosis
Definition
thickening of keratin from chronic friction; AKA frictional keratosis; often caused by rough restorations or cheek chewing; find cause to eliminate; if lesion doesn't resolve, it may be premalignant (up to 10%)
Term
traumatic neuroma
Definition
very rare; caused by injury to a peripheral nerve as in local anesthesia and surgical traumas; often painful; mental foramen most common; TX- surgical excision
Term
melanosis
Definition
may be normal in dark skinned pt;may be due to smoking or trauma; if unsure of diagnosis, may require biopsy
Term
mucuos cyst
Definition
epithelium lined mucocele; been there a long time
Term
necrotizing sialometaplasia
Definition
benign condition of salivary glands; painful swelling and ulceration of the palate, due to blockage of blood supply to area; spontaneous healing in 2 weeks, if not biopsy to rule out squamous cell carcinoma
Term
sialodenitis
Definition
inflammation of salivary land due to infection or duct obstruction; TX- antibiotics if infection is present
Term
pyogenic granuloma
Definition
elevated, ulcerated lesion; soft, bleeds eaasily; proliferation of CT w/ numerous blood and inflammatory cells;response to injury or irritation (ex: calculus);"pregnancy tumor/granuloma gravidarum"; gingiva- most common site; TX- surgical excision (if it doesn't resolve on its own
Term
giant cell granuloma
Definition
contains many multinucleated giant cells & CT with many blood vessels; cause unknown, possibly trauma; looks like pyogenic granuloma; peripheral- gingiva, central- bone;TX- surgical excision
Term
fibroma
Definition
MOST COMMON MASS ON GINGIVA; "irritation/traumatic fibroma"; dense, scar-like CT with few blood vessels; from trauma; TX- surgical excision
Term
epulis fissuratum
Definition
denture induced fibrous hyperplasia; ill fitting dentures; in vestibule; elongated folds of tissue into which the denture fits; dense, fibrous CT w/ stratified squamous epithelium; TX- surgical removal of excess tissue followed by construction of new denture
Term
papillary hyperplasia
Definition
palatal papillomatitis or denture stomatitis; multiple erythematous, pebble shaped bumps on palate; associated with partial/full maxillary denture;C. albicans may be present and infective; TX- surgical removal of hyperplastic tissue & construction of new dentures
Term
gingival hyperplasia
Definition
increased bulk of attached and free gingiva, esp. papillae (most common); resonse to chronic inflammation, hormones or meds: dilantin, procardia & cyclosporin;TX- gingivoplasty, gingivectomy, OHI & debribement
Term
periapical inflammation
Definition
begins in pulp, spreads to periapical area; due to caries or trauma
Term
chromic hyperplastic pulpitis
Definition
red, inflamed tissue filling entire pulp; excessive granulation tissue, usually associated w/ large caries; TX- extraction or endo
Term
periapical abcess
Definition
pus & necrotic debris, surrounded by CT; very painful; may or may not be radiolucent;TX- drainage followed by extraction or endo
Term
periapical granuloma
Definition
identical to periapical abcess radiographically; mass of chronic granulation (scar) tissue at apex of tooth;usually asymptomatic; dense, fibrous CT w/ lymphocytes, macrophages & plasma cells;TX- extraction or endo
Term
periapical cyst
Definition
"radicular cyst"; pathological cavity lined w/ epithelium, filled with fluid; MOST COMMON CYST IN ORAL CAVITY; TX- extraction or endo, curettage of periapical tissue
Term
root resorption
Definition
-clast cells; loose tooth or "drifting";trauma, inflammation, pressure or unknown cause; **external- outside-> in, usually starts at apex, poorer prognosis **internal- inside-> out, may result in clinical "pink tooth";TX- eliminate cause, endo for internal resorption
Term
focal schlerosing osteomyelitis
Definition
"condensing osteitis"; radiopaque at apex of tooth; possible low grade infection; mandibular 1st molar most common area;associated with carious/restored tooth; usually asymptomatic; no tx needed, but may need biopsy for diagnosis
Term
alveolar osteitis
Definition
dry socket; post-op complication of extraction; most common- mandibular 3rd molar; loss of blood clot in exposed bone; pain, bad odor, bad taste (due to bone death); TX-irrigation,medicated dressing, pain meds, pack w/ clove oil; #1 risk factor- smoking
Term
Inflammatory Response
Definition
non-specific; injury/invasion; no memory; all instances produce the same response
Term
Inflammatory Response
Definition
non-specific; injury/invasion; no memory; all instances produce the same response
Term
Immune Response
Definition
defends against microbes; memory; quicker response due to memory
Term
Immunity
Definition
increased responsiveness results from memory of the antigen (antibodies)
Term
Antibody
Definition
immunoglobulin (Ig); protein; made by plasma cells; react to inactivate specific antigens (Ag); specific; activated by B-lymphocytes (plasma cells)
Term
Antigen
Definition
foreign matter; induces specific immune responses (activates antibodies)
Term
Autoimmune Disease
Definition
person's own tissue becomes an antigen
Term
Cytokines
Definition
made by WBCs; chemicals; affect behavior of other cells; can stimulate WBCs; help to stimulate macrophages; can destroy fibroblasts (negative reaction)
Term
IgM
Definition
1st antibody to site of injury/invasion; activates the complement system
Term
IgG
Definition
most numerous antibody (gama globulin); enhances phagocytosis; gives passive immunity to newborns
Term
IgE
Definition
type I hypersensitivity reactions (immediate allergy); binds to mast cells (histamine)
Term
IgA
Definition
found in body fluids; ex: saliva, tears, mucus
Term
IgD
Definition
a lot of them; stimulate lymphocyte production
Term
B-lymphocytes
Definition
mature in the lymphatic system; plasma cells (antibody production) and memory cells (memory)
Term
T-lymphocytes
Definition
mature in the thymus gland; memory, suppressor and T-cytolytic cells; T-cytolytic cells kill viruses, bacteria and tumors
Term
Mast Cells
Definition
produce histamine; increase permeability of blood vessels; increase dilation of blood vessels; constriction of smooth muscles of the airway linings (IgE)
Term
Macrophages
Definition
monocytes in the circulatory system; phagocytosis; prominant lysosomes
Term
Natural Killer Cells
Definition
WBCs; destroy viruses and foreign cells
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
WBCs; important in the immune system
Term
Divisions of Immune Response: Humoral Response
Definition
mediated by secreted antibodies; secreted antibodies bind to antigens on the surfaces of invading microbes (such as viruses or bacteria), which flags them for destruction
Term
Divisions of Immune Response: Cellular Response
Definition
involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen
Term
Types of Immunity: Active Natural
Definition
Occurs during infection; active because lymphocytes are activated by antigens on pathogen's surface
Term
Types of Immunity: Active Artificial
Definition
Injecting or taking antigens by mouth; takes time for T and B cells to be activated but gives long lasting immunity
Term
Types of Immunity: Passive Natural
Definition
Mother to child through placenta or milk
Term
Types of Immunity: Passive Artificial
Definition
Used during potentially fatal diseases; Provides an instant response but only temporary as antibodies are not the body's own so memory cells are not created; ex: tetanus - injection of antitoxins given
Term
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Type I
Definition
anaphylactic;
Term
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Type II
Definition
cytotoxic;
Term
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Type III
Definition
Immune-complex;
Term
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Type IV
Definition
cell mediated;
Term
Angioedema
Definition
diffuse swelling; often part of an allergic reaction
Term
Erythema Multiforme
Definition
target/bull's eye lesions on skin/mucosa; necrosis of epithelium due to immune reaction; TX= steroids; cause unknown, suspect trriggers such as: herpes simplex infection, mycoplasma pneumonia or recent use of antibiotic or analgesic; MOST SEVERE FORM: Steven's-Johnson's Syndrome
Term
Lichen Planus
Definition
Wickham's Striae (lacy, white network on mucosa); benign; chronic; idiopathic cause; buccal mucosa most common site; possible increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma; TX= steroids, if lesions are symptomatic
Term
Reiter's Syndrome
Definition
reactive arthritis; benign and self limiting; TRIAD OF SYMPTOMS: arthritis, urethritis, conjunctivitis; cause unknown, associated with genetic influence (marker HLA-B27) & abnormal immune response; develops 1-4 weeks aftyer STD or GI infection; affects immune system
Term
Langerhan's Cell Disease (Histeocytosis X)
Definition
proliferation of macrophages (Langerhan's cells)with unknown cause; 1)Letterer-Siwe disease~ young children, rapidly fatal (infants) 2)Hand-Schuller-Christian disease~ young children; very poor prognosis 3)Eosinophilic Granuloma~ TX with surgiccal excision/radiation; better prognosis; children and adults
Term
Sjorgen's Syndrome
Definition
normally have an average life-span; autoimmune disease causing xeropthalmia and xerostomia(Sicca Syndrome); arthritis often associated with syndrome; bilateral parotid enlargement (50% of pt.); rheumatoid factor (antibody to an antibody); TX= steroids, saliva & tear substitutes, NSAIDs (motrin, alleve, naproxin, etc.) also parasympathetic drug to stimulate saliva production
Term
Lupus Erythematous
Definition
autoimmune disease; butterfly rash; women affected 8:1; skin lesions, arthritis, myalgia, involves many organs;TX= NSAIDs, steroids & other immunosuppressive drugs
Term
Pemphigus Vulgaris
Definition
severe, progressive autoimmune disease of the skin and mucosa;characterized by erythema, vesicles, bullae and ulcers; due to destruction of desmosomes in epithelium; TZANCK CELLS due to separation of epithelial cells (called acantholysis); positive NIckolsky signs;TX= high dose steroids (increased risk of adrenal crisis)
Term
Pemphigoid (benign mucous membrane pemphigoid)
Definition
autoimmune disease, associated w/desquamative gingivitis; may have positive positive Nickolsky signs; due to destruction of hemidesmosomes, causing separation of epithelium from the basement membrane; TX= steroids
Term
Bechet's Syndrome
Definition
TRIAD: oral, eye and genital lesions; autoimmune disease; causes ulcers similar to apthous ulcers
Term
Impetigo
Definition
bacterial infection of the skin;caused by strep pyogens and staph aureus; cuts and abrasions allow bacteria to colonize; contagious disease; may have normal systemic infection signs; treatment includes antibiotics
Term
Rheumatic Fever
Definition
childhood disease follows beta hemolytic strep bacteria; tonsillitis/pharyngitis; characterized by an inflammatory reaction of the: heart, joints, and CNS; may result in heart damage that increases a patient's
risk of bacterial endocarditis; no need for pre meds unless; valve replacement/previous or bacterial endocarditis; treatment includes antibiotics
Term
Tuberculosis
Definition
contagious, granulomatous tissue; commonly in lungs; caused by acid fast rod (mycobacterium tuberculosis); infection due to inhaled infectious droplets; Mantoux skin test (PPD-purified protein derivative); treatment includes Isoniazid (INH) and Rifampin; Scrofula-TB of the head and neck with lymph node involvement
Term
Actinomycosis
Definition
bacterial infection; caused by actinomyces Israeli (found in soil); characterized by draining skin lesions with "sulfur granules"; abscesses are common; fistula common (we make one if not there already);treatment includes antibiotics; can be found on skin or around apex of tooth
Term
Syphilis
Definition
contagious disease caused by bacterial spirochete; treponema palidum; congenital syphilis characterized by: Hutchinson's incisors, Mulberry molars, deafness; treatment includes penicillin (antibiotics); Three stages-Primary-chancre at site of origination, Secondary-rash, oral mucosa patches, latency/remission, Tertiary-gumma, antibiotics will not work anymore
Term
Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
Definition
painful, erythematous gingiva with necrotic papilla; associated with:poor hygiene, decreased resistance to infection, stress, malnutrition; caused by anaerobic fusiform bacillus and a spirochete:borrelia vincentii,treponema denticola, prevotella intermedia, porphyromonas gingivalis; treatment includes debriment, OHI (do not scale), meds: Flagyl (metronidazole) if systemic
Term
Periocoronitis
Definition
inflammation of the mucosa around the crown of partially erupted teeth, mandibular third molar area more common; treatment includes:debridement, irrigation, antibiotics, usually extraction of tooth
Term
Osteomyelitis
Definition
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow; may be caused by abscess, bone fracture, or surgery; may be acute or chronic; "moth eaten" radiolucency in the bone; treatment includes:drainage of area, debridement, antibiotics and hyperbaric oxygen
Term
Candidiasis (Monoliasis, thrush)
Definition
most common oral infection; caused by an overgrowth of a yeast-like fungus candida albicans; results from any immunodeficiency:antibiotic use, steroid therapy, HIV infection; white material that can be wiped away leaving red below; very painful; treatment includes Nystatin (mycostatin) antifungal; Many types-pseudomembranous (white, curd-like), erythematous, Chronic atrophic candidiasis-denture stomatitis
Term
Papillomavirus
Definition
Verruca Vulgaris-"common wart" caused by virus; white, papillary exophytic lesion; common on the skin;lips most common intraoral site; Condyloma Acuminatum- benign papillary lesion caused by a virus; sexually transmitted disease; genital lesions more common than oral lesions; major cause of cervical cancer in women; Treatment includes surgical excision
Term
Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
Definition
initial infection with herpes simplex 6 months-6 years; characterized by fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy followed by painful, red, swollen gingiva with vesicles; vesicles ulcerate, crust over, and heal within 10-14 days
Term
Recurrent herpetic gingivostomatitis-
Definition
cold sores, fever blisters; most common as herpes labialis on vermillion borders; may be brought on by sun, stress, fever, menstruation; can be idiopathic recurrence
Term
Herpetic Whitlow
Definition
herpes simplex involving the fingers
Term
Varicella-Zoster virus (Herpes)
Definition
Chicken Pox-highly contagious; causing vesicles and pustules; associated with headaches, fatigue, malaise; recovery within 2 to 3 weeks; caused by Varicella virus; Herpes-Zoster (Shingles)-"adult chicken pox"; contagious; characterized by painful vesicles; unilateral along distribution of sensory nerve
Term
Epstein-Barr virus (Herpes)
Definition
Cause the following diseases: Infectious mononucleosis,Hairy leukoplakia, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma; Nasopharyngeal and Burkitt's are very rare malignant neoplasms
Term
Infectious mononucleosis
Definition
characterized by sore throat, enlarged spleen, malaise, fatigue; palatal patechiae may occur early in the disease; self limiting disease; resolves in 4 to 6 weeks
Term
Hairy Leukoplakia
Definition
characterized by irregular, corrugated white lesions on lateral borders of the tongue; occurs most commonly in HIV patients
Term
Paramyxovirus
Definition
Measles-highly contagious disease; Koplik's spots: small, red macules with white, necrotic centers found in the oral cavity; Mumps: viral disease of the salivary glands; associated with painful, bilateral swellings of the Parotid glands
Term
Coxsackie virus
Definition
NOT associated with herpes virus: Herpangina: vesicles on the soft palate; fever, malaise, sore throat (mild disease); contagious; Hand-Foot-Mouth disease: children under 5 years; macules/papules on skin and oral mucosa; mild disease; resolves in 2 weeks; contagious
Term
HIV/AIDS infection
Definition
Associated oral diseases:Candidiasis, Hairy Leukoplakia, Kaposi's sarcoma, ANUG, ANUP and other opportunistic diseases
Term
Developmental Disorder
Definition
anomaly resulting from failure/disturbance of developing body's cell division, multiplication or differentiation; ex: cleft lip/palate
Term
Inherited Disorder
Definition
caused by abnormality in genetic make-up of individual; "genetic disorder"
Term
Congenital Disorder
Definition
disorder present at birth; can be developmental or inherited
Term
Dentigerous Cyst (Follicular Cyst)
Definition
forms around crown of unerupted teeth; originates from REE; most common site: 3rd molar area; well defined, unilocular radiolucency; TX= surgical removal of cyst (and often tooth)
Term
Eruption Cyst
Definition
similar to dentigerous cyst, but in soft tissue; usually no TX required, tooth will erupt through it
Term
Primordial Cyst
Definition
develops in place of a tooth; most common in mandibular 3rd molar area; well defined radiolucency; usually unilocular, though can be multilocular; TX= surgical excision
Term
Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC)
Definition
unique histological appearance: 8-10 layers of epithelium, surfaced by parakeratin (palisaded basal layer); most common in mand. 3rd molar area; well defined, multilocular radiolucence;may be primordial or dentigerous cyst w/ keratinization of epithelial lining; TX= surgical excision and bone curettage (lesion may move/resorb teeth); HIGH RECURRENCE RATE
Term
Lateral Periodontal Cyst
Definition
asymtomatic; uni/multilocular radiolucency on lateral aspect of tooth root; most common on mand. cuspid or premolar areas; TX= surgical excision
Term
Gingival Cyst
Definition
NOT IN BONE; same as lateral periodontal cyst, but in soft tissue of same area; derived from cells of dental lamina
Term
Nasopalatine canal cyst
Definition
AKA: incisive canal cyst; well defined, heart shaped radiolecency in midline of maxilla; TX= surgical excision
Term
Median palatine cyst
Definition
well defined radiolucency in midine of hard palate; more posterior form of nasopalatine canal cyst; can look like palatine torus, clinically
Term
Median mandibular cyst
Definition
well defined pear shaped radiolucency found between roots of max. cuspid and lateral incisor (#6&7 or #10 & 11); suspected cause: epithelial cells caught between closing globular process and max. processes
Term
Epidermal cyst
Definition
raised nodule on face/neck; occasionally found on oral mucosa; keratin filled; thought to originate from hair follicle; firm like cartilage
Term
Dermoid cyst
Definition
developmental soft tissue cyst often present at birth; uncommon in oral cavity, but may be found on anterior floor of mouth; dermal layer
Term
Nasolabial cyst
Definition
soft tissue cyst originating from nasolacrimal duct; in nasolabial fold; TX- surgical excision
Term
Thyroglossal tract cyst
Definition
forms where thyroid gland develops; foramen cecum to neck; pt. may have difficulty swallowing or moving tongue; TX= surgical excision of entire cyst and tract
Term
Static Bone cyst (Stafne bone cyst)
Definition
PSEUDOCYST; well defined radiolucency; posterior mandible, below canal; caused by lingual depression in bone; may contain extensions of sublingual salivary glands; no TX necessary
Term
Aneurysmal bone cyst
Definition
PSEUDOCYST; blood-filled spaces, surrounded by giant cells & fibrous CT (similar to giant cell granuloma); multilocular radiolucency, soap bubble or honeycomb appearance; may cause expansion of bone; TX= surgical excision; excessive bleeding possible
Term
Enamel Hypoplasia
Definition
incomplete/defective formation of enamel; causes: febrile illness, vitamin deficiency, local infection, fluoride, congenital syphilis, injury; FLUOROSIS
Term
Regional odontodysplasia
Definition
one or several teeth show marked reduction in radiopacity; "ghost teeth"; very thin enamel & dentin w/large pulp chambers; cause unknown; TX= extraction of affected teeth; more common in primary teeth
Term
Ankylosed/submerged teeth
Definition
deciduous tooth where cementum fuses to bone, preventing loss of primary tooth & eruption of permanent; radiograph reveals no PDL space; cause unknown; TX= extraction of primary to allow eruption of permanent
Term
Gene
Definition
unit of heredity transmitted from one generation to another; found on chromosomes
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
long chains of molecules found in cell nucleus; contain DNA; each cell has 46 chromosomes: 44 autosomes & 2 sex chromosomes
Term
Alleles
Definition
genes located in the same level in the 2 chromosomes of a pair; determine same function/characteristic; ex: eye color
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
2 different genes at same allele level (dominant gene wins)
Term
Homozygous
Definition
identical genes at the allele level
Term
Dominant trait
Definition
shows clinically when carried by only one of a pair of homologous chromosomes (alleles)
Term
Recessive trait
Definition
shows clinically only if it has a "double dose" or is homozygous for the trait
Term
Trisomy 21 (Down's Syndrome)
Definition
3 chromosomes on pair #21; results from nondisjunctioning (chromosomes don't separate during meiosis); slanted eyes, short stature, (30%) heart abnormalities; near normal intelligence to severe retardation; ORAL MANIFESTATIONS: fissured tongue, premature loss of teeth, hypodontia 90% exhibit perio disease; MOST COMMON MAJOR CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY; 1 in 5,000; no increased risk of caries
Term
Turner's Syndrome
Definition
much more rare then Down's syndrome; female phenotype; 44 autosomes & only 1 X chromosome; looks female; short stature, webbing of neck, edema of hands & feet, aorta abnormalities; underdeveloped ovaries and external genitalia, no menses, no reproduction
Term
Klinefelter Syndrome
Definition
ovum w/2 X chromosomes, fertilized by sperm w/ Y chromosome; 47 chromosomes; male phenotype w/ wide hips, female pubic hair pattern & GYNECOMASTIA; hypoplastic maxilla is characteristic of this condition
Term
Cyclic Neutropenia
Definition
autosomal dominant inheritance pattern; characterized by decrease in circulating neutrophils; fever malaise, increased risk of infection; ORAL MANIFESTATIONS: severe ginigvitis, oral ulcers, secondary infection, perio disease, candidiasis; TX= granulocyte colony stimulating factor to stimulate production of PMNs
Term
Papillon-Lafevre Syndrome
Definition
very rare; correct # of chromosomes; autosomal recessive inheritance pattern (both parents must have on coordinating alleles); severe destruction of perio tissue leading to premature loss of teeth (even w/ regular cleaning); hyperkeratosis of palms of hands & feet; possible tx: blade implant for implanted teeth
Term
Cherubism
Definition
autosomal dominant inheritance pattern; progressive bilateral swelling ages 1-4 years; may affect either mand. or max., mand. most common; multilocular, soap bubble radiolucencies of affected jaw;biopsy resembles giant cell granuloma; delayed eruption of teeth common; stabilizes @ 20-30 years, facial deformity remains; not usually painful; TX- surgical recontour of jaw, once condition stabilizes
Term
Gardner Syndrome (Familial Colorectal Polypitis)
Definition
autosomal dominant inheritance pattern; characterized by intestinal polyps which become malignant after age 30; associated with osteomas on frontal bone, mandible and maxilla
Term
Von Recklinghausen Disease
Definition
cafe' au late spots may be present initially; characterized by multiple neurofibromas on face (especially eyelids); lesions can occur in oral cavity, most often on lateral borders of tongue; mental impairment, skeletal abnormalities & malignant transformation also possible
Term
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
Definition
four types of conditions affecting the enamel of teeth w/ no systemic affects: I. hypoplastic type- characterized by tooth enamel that does not develop to normal thickness II. hypocalcified type- normal thickness of enamel, poorly clacified III. hypomaturation type- normal thickness, but soft & mottled IV. hypoplastic-hypomaturation type- snow capped amelogenesis imperfecta
Term
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
Definition
three types; TYPE II= hereditary w/ opalescent dentin; very soft dentin, chipping of enamel, severe attrition, short & thin roots; teeth may be opalescent or brownish/grayish/dark color; Radiographic Key: obliterated pulp chambers; premature loss of teeth; DEFECT OF ODONTOBLASTS; stain is intrinsic
Term
Carcinoma
Definition
tumor caused by carcinogenic chemical; malignant tumor of epithelial tissue (lining and gland tissue)
Term
Sarcoma
Definition
malignant tumor of the CT (not epithelium)
Term
Leukoplakia
Definition
clinical term for white plaque-like growth; most dangerous areas= floor of mouth and posterior lateral borders of tongue; cause unknown; doesn't wipe off; most time just hyperkeratosis; 10% premalignant or malignant
Term
Erythroplakia
Definition
red oral lesion of unknown cause; more serious/dangerous that leukoplakia
Term
Epithelial Dysplasia
Definition
premalignant condition (disordered growth); abnormal cells, enlarged nuclei disorganized layers (leukoplakia); caused by chronic friction; remove cause and it resolves
Term
Carcinoma In Situ
Definition
severe epithelial dysplasia involving the full layer of epithelium; cancer cells haven't crossed basement membrane to CT so can't get to blood vessels for metastasis
Term
Characteristics of Benign Tumors
Definition
*localized and enclosed (encapsulated) *generally slower growing *few mitotic figures * well differentiated (resemble normal tissue)
Term
Characteristics of Malignant Tumors
Definition
*spread and invade (metastasis) *generally fast growing *increased mitosis (increased mitotic figures) * well to poorly differentiated
Term
Cyst
Definition
epithelial lined cavity
Term
Tumor
Definition
solid mass of tissue
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