-Nasal Cavities

-Maxillary Sinus

-Pharynx

-Larynx

What is the general morpological structure of this area?

-Respiratory Ep. or Strat. Squemous Ep.

-Epithelium usually lies on lamina propria or CORIUM

-Ep. + corium = mucousa

-Some have a muscularis mucosa

-Surface coated by mucous by goblet cells

-Box shaped

-Roof, floor, medial and lateral walls consisting of cartilage/bone covered in mucous membrane

-Boxex have openings in post. and ant. ends

-Ant. holes are nostrils

-Post. holes open to nasopharynx

Contain:

-Septal Cartilage

-Vomer bones

-Ethmoid bones

Contains:

Cartilage and parts of several bones

Contains:

-Palatine process of the maxilla

-Horizontal part of Palatine bone

Nasal Cavity Lateral Wall

*Most Important*

-Uneven from 3 curved projections: CONCHAE

-Conchae contain turbinate bones

-Region beneath conchae is a MEATUS

-Foramina open into each meatus

*Maxillary Sinus opens into the MIDDLE MEATUS*

1. Vestibule

2. Respiratory Area

3. Olfactory Area

-Lined by modified skin

-Anteriorly: keratanized strat. squam.

-Posteriorly: respiratory epithelium

-Contain long hairs calls VIBRISSAE

-Has sebaceous and sweat glands

-Respiratory Ep. on a Lamina Propria

-Lamina propria also contains glands, lymph tissue and large veins called "SWELL BODIES" (warm the air)

-Attached to bone without a submucosal layer. Arrangement known as:

 MUCOPERIOSTEUM and MUCOPERICHONDRIUM

-Ep. has sensory bipolar neurons (basal, sustentacular/supporting, orlfactory cells)

-Have apical dendrites and basal axons

-Dendritic processes with NON-motile cilia terminate at ep. as bulbs

-Cilia are odor receptors

-Axons aggregate to form olfactory nerve

-Bowman's glands in lamina propria cover cilia wih film

-Odors dissolve in secretion

-Lined by Mucoperiosteum

-Thin plate of bone in floor that can be pierced by roots of teeth

-Maxillary formen is on medial wall of the sinus, high near roof

-Fluid must almsot fill cavity before drainage can occur

-Formen is narrow, tends to be blocked by swollen edematous mucosa

"Biologic Economy"

-Takes weight off the head

-Possibly assisting respiration (heating and humidifying air), olfaction and resonance

-Tube enxtending from cranium into Larynx

-Openings into nose, mouth, larynx and esophagus

-Healthy: respiratory ep.

-Not Healthy: non-keratinised strat squamous

-Main wall component are the PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTORS (skeletal muscle layer)

-Muscle layer coated externally by BUCCOPHARYNGEAL FASCIA

-Pharyngeal and Tubula tonsils are in the walls

-Located below the Pharynx

-Cartilage and skeletal muscle

-2 pairs of folds project into lumen:

1. Upper Ventricular/Vestibular/False fold

2. Lower True Vocal Fold

-Lined by Resp. Ep. everywhere EXCEPT True vocal fold + epiglottis (non-k strat squam)

-Lamina propria has glands and lymph tissue

-Have vocal ligaments near free margin of folds

-Ligaments are dense regular elastic CT

-Skeletal muscle layer is attached to outer surface of ligament

-Vocalis muscle is a bundle of skeletal muscle parallel to the ligaments

-Assists in altering tension of the folds

-Non-K strat squam. lines folds

-The region of the respiratory system that extends from the nostrils to the terminal bronchioles

Includes:

-Nasal cavity

-Paranasal sinuses

-Pharynx

-Larynx

-Trachea

-Bronchi

-Bronchioles

-Trachea and Bronchi = Resp. Ep, lamina propria with glands and lymph issue, Submucosa (has mucous glands), cartilage + adventitia

-Layers get thinner in distal regions

-Bronchioles = Simple cubiodal/columnar and NO cartilage, mucous glands or lymph tissue

-Ciliated Columnar

-Goblet

-Basal

-Brush (receptor cells with microvili but NO cilia)

-Dense Core Granule (Part of AUPD-diffuse neuroendocrine system, associated with nerve endings)

-Elastic fibers mark border of Lamina P. and Submucosa

-U shaped horizontal Cartilage external to submucosa

-U's connected by smooth muscle

-NO CARTILAGE ON POSTERIOR SIDE

-Sheet of fibro-elastic tissue between each U

-Adventitia surrounds entire trachea

-EXTRAPULMONARY bronchi very similar

1. Smooth muscle replaces elastic tissue ad LP/Submucosa border (they can fold when you DIE!)

2. Cartilage goes completely around, but fenestrated

-Respitory Ep can be replaced by Strat. Squam. called Metaplasia

-Continued irritation leads to Dysplasia (bad maturation of cells)

-Will lead to mitoses, enlarged dark nuclei and cancer. HOLY SHIT!

-Small, less than 1mm in diameter

-1 supplies a lobule, where it branches to form 5-6 Terminal Bronchioles

-TB's are the narrowest most distal part og the conducting pathway

-Arise from small Bronchi

-NO cartilage, glands of lymph tissue

-Walls contain some elastic and MORE smooth muscle than bronchi

-Little/No CT, very close to parenchyma

-Large ones lined by Repiratory Ep.

-Have Neuroepithelial Bodies

- Clumps of 80-100 cells containing secretory granules and receive cholineric nerve endings

-Chemoreceptors that react to gas composition

-Possibly play role in repairing injured ep. cells

Bronchiole ->Terminal Bronchiole (thinnest without alveoli) -> Repiratory bronchiole (have alveoli in walls)

TB = Simple Ciliated Columna Ep.

-Also have Clara cells (non-cilated, secrete protective glycosaminoglycans)

-Ciliated cells below goblet cells are able to sweep mucous produced by goblet cells UPWARD

-Smokers show goblet cell metaplasia (goblets can be distal from cilliated cells and mucous drains ino alveoli)

-Most proximal segment of functional passage

-Walls contain alveoli

-Walls lined by Simple Cub Ep. which is ciliated ONLY at crossover from Terminal to Respiratory Bronchiole

-Sections that lack alveoli have smooth muscle and fibroelastic CT under ep.

-Continuous alveoli in tube shape

-Duct lumen covered by simple squamous

-Small segments of wall between adjacent alveoli contain smooth muscle + fibroelastic CT under ep.

-Thin walled, with one wall absent so air can enter and leave

-Open into lumen of alveolar ducts ->alveolar sacs -> respiratory bronchioles

-Share a common walled called an Interalveolar Septum

-Walls/Septae have smooth muscle only at their entrances or "doorways"

-Covered with simple. sqam. on each 2 surfaces that face lumen

-There is 1 capillary between the 2 layers of ep. in each wall

Looks like this (Vertical bars are Septae):

|_|_|

-Alveolar Ep. is Directly adajacent to capilary endothelium

-Both are flattened Squamous

-Oxygen only transverses 2very thin lyaers of Ep. and 1 shared basal lamina

-Areas of septae adjacent to thin regions are knowns as "Thick regions/Tissue Spaces"

-Contains some CT between Alveolar Ep. and Capillary endothelium

-CT contains elastic/reticular fibers and some fibroblast and macrophages

-Provides support to walls

-Emphysema is when huge air spaces arise from destroyed alveoli

-Dust can cause thinkening of walls from collagen deposition

-Both impair oxygenation of blood and can make you DIE!

-Most are Type I pneumocytes, part of ari-blood barrier

-Some are Type II, joind by desmosomes and Z occludens

-They secrete Surfactant which reduces surface tension (permits cells to slide over one another)

-Macrophages phagocyte foregien debris. "Heart failure cells" contain Hemosiderin which is a break down product of RBC's (eat blood filling lungs)

-Septal CT contains some fibroblast and leukocytes

-Have Double blood supply-

-Pulmonary Artery brings deoxygenated blood from heart but doesn not supply actual cells

-Bronchial Artery coming off the aorta supplies the oxygen and nutrients for cells in lungs

-Have lots of lymph vessles which sometimes follow lymph nodes along bronchi

-All eventually drain into lymph nodes at the hilium

-This is also the route take by emboli of malignant bronchial cancer cells

-Each lung covered by it

-Invaginated "balloon" with a fluid Pleural Cavity between inner Visceral Pleura membrane and outer Parietal Pleura membrane

-Mesothelium covers each layer facing the cavity so they slide over one another

-Infection can lead to scar tissue which can cause lung expansion/contraction issues