Term
|
Definition
| GTP binding protein that assists in vesicle detachment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Main protein coat on cytosolic aspect that facilitate vesicle budding.
CANNOT recognize specific ligands. NEEDS ADAPTINS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein complexes composed of 3 heavy chains and 3 light chains. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mediates binding of clathrin to vesicular membrane as well as SELECT specific molecules to be trapped. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coatomer mediates transport vesicles from cis-Golgi network back to ER (retrograde) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coatomer mediates transport from rER to cis-Golgi network (anterograde) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement from ER to cis-Golgi network via COP-II |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement from cis-Golgi network to ER via COP-I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Signaling molecules as well as adhesion molecules in the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When signaling molecule is released, it influences a number of cells in immediate envirioment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell releases a signaling molecule that effects itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transport of signaling molecules by the bloodstream to various sites in body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Penetrate cell membrane, bind to intracellular receptors, last several hours. Hydrophobic. |
|
|
Term
| Hydrophilic Signaling Molecules |
|
Definition
| NT's, Peptide Hormones, Neuropeptides, Polypeptide Growth Factors (including cytokines) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Signaling molecules involved in cell to cell communication. Peptides or glycoproteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Macrophages, leukocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immune, Nervous and Endocrine systems |
|
|
Term
| Cell Surface Receptor types |
|
Definition
| Ligand-gated ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors, Receptor Protein Kinases, cytokine receptors, Nonreceptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases |
|
|
Term
| G Protein Receptor Pathway |
|
Definition
| First messenger binds to trans membrane receptor - changes conform. and then binds to inactivated G protein GDP complex - GTP replaces GDP - GTP alpha subunit released - binds and activates effector enzyme - Switch turned on - second messengers activated - hydrolysis of GTP to GDP - dissociates and switch turned off - alpha subunit rebinds to G protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cAMP, Calcium and PIP2 derived messengers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Second messenger in G protein pathway. Adenyl Cyclase is effector enzyme. |
|
|
Term
| Cystolic Ca2+ As Second Messenger |
|
Definition
| Released from ER and from Extracellular. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ca2+ binding protein. Activates calmodlin dependent kinases (smooth muscle) |
|
|
Term
| How is Ca released from the ER? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Second Messengers derived from PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphonate) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PIP2 is hydrolyzed by what? |
|
Definition
PLCbeta and PLCgamma (phospholipase C)
as well as PI3 kinase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activates PLC gamma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is PIP2 broken down into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is made when PIP2 is hydrolized by PI3 kinase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activates PI3 kinase? |
|
Definition
| G proteins and Receptor protein-tyrosine kinases |
|
|
Term
| What is a key target of PIP3? |
|
Definition
| Akt (a protein-serine/threoine kinase) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 subunits of ribosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 forms of RNA? |
|
Definition
ribosomal - rRNA
transfer - tRNA
messenger - mRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The 3 base sequence on tRNA |
|
|
Term
| What is the initiator tRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the initiation codon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Initiator tRNA binds to what ribosome site? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Subsequent tRNA's bind to which site after initiator? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Numerous tubules and flattened saccules (In ER and golgi) |
|
|
Term
| All protein synthesis begins on what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Area of polypeptide sequence that tells it to go to ER for synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signal recognition particle. Present in cytosol, detects if a protein is destined for the ER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cleaves the signal sequence from a protein once it is inside the ER lumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| addition of mannose oligosaccharides to proteins synthesized in ER lumen that are destined for export |
|
|
Term
| What modifications take place in the ER lumen o proteins? |
|
Definition
| glycosylation, hydroxylation of prlin and lysine residues of procollogen alpha chains, formation of disulfide bonds, and folding of protein into correct structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calcium reservoir, synthesizes lipids for cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| Golgi fails to stain with H&E. True or false? |
|
Definition
True. Appears as a "negative image"
Stains POSITIVE with silver or osmium |
|
|
Term
| The entry face of the Golgi is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The exit face of the Golgi is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the golgi, what modifications are made to glycoproteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In golgi, what due proteins bound for lysosomes undergo? |
|
Definition
| phosphorylation of mannose |
|
|
Term
| Constitutive Secretory Pathway |
|
Definition
| Continual unregulated protein secretion from golgi |
|
|
Term
| Regulated Secretory Pathway |
|
Definition
| Specific proteins are secreted in response to environmental signals. EX ligand binding to a receptor which leads to secretion |
|
|
Term
| Lysosomal Protein Transport |
|
Definition
| M6P signal is recognized. Put into clathrin coated vesicle. Clathrin sheds and fuses with late endosomes. |
|
|
Term
| Endocytosis is considered Phagocytosis when... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endocytosis is considered pinocytosis when... |
|
Definition
| a vesicle is around 80 to 150 nm |
|
|
Term
| Fc Region of macrophages and antibodies is what? |
|
Definition
| The the constant region of an antibody and a macrophage that allow it to bind together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A macrophage that has engulfed a particle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A phagosome that has fused with a lysosome |
|
|
Term
| Receptor Mediated Endocytosis |
|
Definition
| particles and extracellular fluids are internalized via coated vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organize vesicles that bring in cholesterol via receptor mediated endocytosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vesicles up to 5 micrometers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systems of vesicles and tubules. |
|
|
Term
| Location of early endosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Late endosomes mature into... |
|
Definition
| lysosomes by incorporating hydrolytic enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane bound organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes |
|
|
Term
| The formation of lysosomes in the intersection between what 2 pathways? |
|
Definition
| the secretory and endocytic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lysosomes containing undigested lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the terms for the borwn-yellow "age pigment" of residual bodies (undigested lipids in lysosomes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contain old or damaged organelles enclosed within membrane derived from RER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When an autphagosome fuses with a lysosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the breakdown of foreign particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the breakdown of a cell's own old or damaged organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have not yet participated in digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lysosome that contains material to be digested |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closed membrane formed by fragments of RER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane bound organelle, place where oxidation occurs. Hydrogen peroxide is produced and degraded by Catalase |
|
|
Term
| Mitochondria can be seen with what stains? |
|
Definition
| PTAH, iron hematoxylin, and janus green B |
|
|
Term
| Mitochondria have haw many membrane layers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The folds in the interior of mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mushroom shaped granules on inner surface of mitochondria. Catalyze formation of ATP from ADP |
|
|
Term
| The oxidation of acetyl-COA to CO2 during ATP synthesis is coupled to what? |
|
Definition
| The reduction of NAD+ and FAD to NADH and FADH2 |
|
|
Term
| The cytoskeleton is composed of? |
|
Definition
| Microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments. |
|
|
Term
| Microtubules are composed of what subunits? |
|
Definition
| tubulin heterodimers (both alpha and beta) |
|
|
Term
| Tubulin subunits link together to form what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many protofiliments make up microtubule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tubulin polymerization is controller by what? |
|
Definition
| microtubule organizing centers MTOC's (centrosomes) |
|
|
Term
| What causes tubulin depolymerization? |
|
Definition
| the hydrolysis of GTP on the subunit. (GDP has less affinity and the subunit leaves) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microtubule associated proteins. Some prevent depolymerization and others contribute to disassembly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An MTOC that is near the cell nucleus during interphase. Gamma tubulin is localized to it. |
|
|
Term
| Centrosomes contain a pair of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Centrioles are surrounded by what material? |
|
Definition
| pericentriolar material. It initiates assembly of microtubules. |
|
|
Term
| Microtubules are responsible for what? |
|
Definition
1. maintaining cell shape
2. guiding intracellular transport of organelles and vesicles
3. separating cells during mitosis
4. beating cilia |
|
|
Term
| What are two types of motor proteins and where do the move? |
|
Definition
Kinesins - move towards plus end
Dyneins - move towards minus end |
|
|
Term
| Centrioles contain how many microtubules and how are they arranged? |
|
Definition
| 27 microtubules in 9 groups of 3 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 members of the short rows of microtubules in a centriole designated as? |
|
Definition
A,B and C
A is innermost
C is outermost |
|
|
Term
| How are microtubules arranged in cilia? |
|
Definition
| 20 microtubules arranged in 9 doublets and 2 in the center. |
|
|
Term
| Where does does the shaft of cilia arise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are microfilaments composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major cytoskeletal protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is F actin composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| G actin subunits polymerize into what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 polarized ends of actin? |
|
Definition
The fast-growing is the plus or barbed end.
The slow-growing is the minus or pointed end. |
|
|
Term
| Actin bound to ATP associates with what end? |
|
Definition
| The fast growing barbed end |
|
|
Term
| Stability of F-actin depends on what? |
|
Definition
| A higher free monomer concentration at the minus end than at the plus. |
|
|
Term
| What are the different Actin-binding proteins? |
|
Definition
| Formin, Arp2/3, Tropomyosin, ADF/cofilin and Profinin |
|
|
Term
| What is Formin and Arp2/3 and what do the do? |
|
Definition
| Actin-binding proteins. They initiate polymerization of actin. |
|
|
Term
| What does tropomyosin do? |
|
Definition
| Stabilizes actin filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actin-binding protein. enhances dissociation of actin/ADP from pointed ends. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actin-binding protein. Stimulates incorporation of actin monomers into filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an actin bundling protein. Puts actin into closely spaced filaments aligned in parallel |
|
|
Term
| What are contractile bundles? |
|
Definition
| Bundles of actin with looselt spaced filaments. Cross linked by alpha-actinin. (muscle) |
|
|
Term
| What does alpha-actinin do? |
|
Definition
| cross links actin filaments into contractile bundles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein that organizes actin into networks (like in the cell cortex) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecular motor, involved in muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Links actin filaments of microvilli to cell membrane when bound to calmodulin. Also assists in transport along actin filaments |
|
|
Term
| Intermediate filaments are different from other filaments how? |
|
Definition
| Middle size, antigenetically distinct from other I filaments. Allows for id of cancer cells. |
|
|
Term
| Structure of intermediate filaments? |
|
Definition
| central alpha-helical rod domain flanked by head and tail domains. |
|
|
Term
| What part varies in each intermediate filament? |
|
Definition
| the head and tail domains |
|
|
Term
| What part of an intermediate filament is crucial to assembly? |
|
Definition
| the alpha helical rod domain |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 intermediate filaments? |
|
Definition
| cytokeratins, vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acid protein and neurofilaments |
|
|
Term
| Cytokeratins are found in what cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vimentin is found in what cells? |
|
Definition
| mesenchymal cells (fiboblasts, chondroblasts, macrophages, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle) (I filament) |
|
|
Term
| Desmin is found in what cells? |
|
Definition
| muscle, striated and smooth except for vascular smooth (where vimentin is found)(I filament) |
|
|
Term
| Glial fibrillary acidic protein is found in what cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are granules of what dotting the inner nuclear surface of the inner membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the nuclear lamina? |
|
Definition
| a protein structure associated with the inner aspect of the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope. Composed of 3 lamins. |
|
|
Term
| What structure does the nuclear pore complex have? |
|
Definition
| 3 rings of 8, with a gated channel in middle ring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functional form of chromatin. Stretched out, give nucleus a hollow look when stained. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inactive chromatin. Dense, darker when stained. "Pyknotic" staining. Seen inside inner membrane of N. envelope and surrounding the nucleolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The most condensed form of chromatin. Seen only during cell division. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basophilic nonmembranous structures in nucleus where rRNA is synthesized. Disappear during cell division. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 components of nucleoli? |
|
Definition
| pale-staining fibrillar center, dense fibrillar component, and granular component |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleolar organizing region. |
|
|
Term
| In DNA, Adenine (A) always pairs with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In DNA, Guanine (G) always pairs with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In mRNA, Thymine (T) is replaced by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amorphous material which consists of all the material surrounded by the nuclear envelope EXCEPT of nucleoli and chromatin |
|
|
Term
| When a daughter cell arising from mitosis is no destined to divide again, it assumes what phase? |
|
Definition
| it's diploid state called G0 |
|
|
Term
| The phase where a cell is preparing to divide is what? |
|
Definition
| interphase (G1, S, and G2) |
|
|
Term
| What are the phases of interphase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the G1 phase of interphase? |
|
Definition
| cell is metabolically active and increases in size. 46 single chromosomes dispersed as euchromatin and heterochromatin |
|
|
Term
| What is the S phase of interphase? |
|
Definition
| Lasts 8 hours, DNA doubles into 46-d chromosomes. Centrioles are Duplicated. Cyclin B synthesis begins and it activates Cdc2 protein kinase. |
|
|
Term
| What is the G2 phase of interphase? |
|
Definition
| lasts 4 hours. Cell growth continues with protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| In mitosis, 1 parent cell with 46d (tetraploid)chromosomes gives rise to... |
|
Definition
| 2 daughter cells with 46s chromosomes (diploid) |
|
|
Term
| What are the phases of mitosis? |
|
Definition
| PPMAT. Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
|
|
Term
| S-chromosomes are referred to as.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sister chromosomes are held together by the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What mediates the attachment of chromosomes to the mitotic spindle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of mitotic microtubules? |
|
Definition
| Kinetichore, chromosomal, polar and astral |
|
|
Term
| Kinetichore microtubules do what? |
|
Definition
| attach to condensed chromosomes at the centromere. split and guide the chromosomes into either direction. |
|
|
Term
| Chromosomal microtubules do what? |
|
Definition
| connect to the ends of chromosomes. help split and guide chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| Polar microtubules do what? |
|
Definition
| overlap at equator but do not attach to chromosomes. slide against each other to push spindle poles apart. |
|
|
Term
| Astral microtubules do what? |
|
Definition
| not part of the spindle. extend from the centrosomes to the cell periphery and pull spindle poles apart. |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Prophase of mitosis? |
|
Definition
1. Appearance of condensed chromosomes.
2. Centrosomes separate to opposite sides of nucleus.
3. Mitotic spindle begins formation
4. End marked with breakdown of N. envelope. |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Prometaphase of mitosis? |
|
Definition
| Spindle microtubules attach to chromosomes at kinetichores |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Metaphase of mitosis? |
|
Definition
1. Spindle fully formed
2. Chromosomes align on metaphase plate |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Anaphase of mitosis? |
|
Definition
1. Chromosomes split and move toward poles
2. Shortening of kinetichore and chromosomal m.t.
3. Cyokinesis begins |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Telophase of mitosis? |
|
Definition
1. Nuclei and nuclear membrane reappear
2. Chromosomes disperse
3. Cleavage is completed |
|
|
Term
| How does meiosis differ from mitosis? |
|
Definition
1. Has 2 divisions instead of 1
2. Results in formation of 4 haploid cells instead of 2 diploid
3. Chromosomes line up as pairs
4. Crossing over occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Prophase of meiosis? |
|
Definition
1. Homologous d-chromosomes come together as pairs.
2. Crossing over occurs |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Metaphase of meiosis? |
|
Definition
1. 23 chromosomes line up at equator
2. Paternal and maternal pairs are mixed on either side. |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Anaphase of meiosis? |
|
Definition
| 1. Pairs move apart (no cleavage) |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Telophase of meiosis? |
|
Definition
| Each daughter cell receives one member of each of the 23 pairs of d-chromosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gaining information about chromosomes when they are in their condensed state. |
|
|
Term
| What is programmed cell death? |
|
Definition
|
|
