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Dental Histology Exam 1
Connective Tissue
81
Medical
Professional
09/17/2008

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Term
How does the cell arrangement of CT differ from epithelium?
Definition
CT is singly, epithelium is in groups
Term
How does intercellular substance of CT differ from epithelium?
Definition
It is abundant in CT, minimal in ep.
Term
How does cell density of CT differ from epithelium?
Definition
It is low in CT, high in ep.
Term
How does cell shape of CT differ from epithelium?
Definition
It is various but not angulated in CT.
In ep. it is angulated.
Term
How does vascularity in CT differ from epithelium?
Definition
It is abundant in CT, none in ep.
Term
What does the consistency of CT depend on?
Definition
1. Proportion of cells, fibers and ground substance
2. Presence or absence of minerals
Term
Soft CT contains minerals. True or False?
Definition
False. SOFT CT is not mineralized. Hard CT like bone and dentin are.
Term
What are the 3 fiber components of CT matrix?
Definition
Collagen, reticular and elastic fibers.
Term
What are the 3 components of CT ground substance?
Definition
Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and adhesive glycoproteins
Term
What are the cells of connective tissue?
Definition
Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, undifferentiated mesenchyme cells, histiocytes, adipocytes, mast cells and leukocytes
Term
What is the most common cell type in most soft CT?
Definition
Fibroblasts
Term
What are the functions of a fibroblast?
Definition
They produce intercellular matrix components, collagen and ground substance.
Term
How are fibroblasts linked to the matrix components?
Definition
Integrins
Term
What are examples of active matrix producing "blast" cells?
Definition
fibroblast, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, cementoblasts and odontoblasts
Term
What CT cell has features of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle?
Definition
Myofibroblasts
Term
Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells are found where in the body in adults?
Definition
CT adjacent to blood vessels.
Term
Which cells does Un. mesenchymal cells NOT give rise to?
Definition
Histiocytes and mast cells.
Term
Histiocytes are part of what system?
Definition
Mononuclear phagocyte system.
Term
Where do histiocytes originate?
Definition
Bone marrow -> monocytes -> macrophages -> enter CT -> become histiocytes
Term
Where are histiocytes most common?
Definition
Highly vascular loose CT
Term
What cell is commonly found in Dental Granulomas?
Definition
Histiocytes
Term
Foam cells refer to what?
Definition
Lipid filled histiocytes
Term
What activates macrophages?
Definition
Lymphokines, which are released by activated T lymphocytes
Term
Activated macrophages produce what?
Definition
Monokines, which activate other lymphocytes
Term
What do monokines activate?
Definition
1. Lymphokines
2. Lysosomal enzymes
3. Collagenase
4. Complement components
5. Coagulation factors
6. Chemotactic factors for leukocytes, protaglandins and interleukins
Term
What are adipocytes?
Definition
Fat cells
Term
Mast cells can be distinguished with what dye?
Definition
Toluidine blue
Term
The granules of mast cells contain what?
Definition
1. Heparin-anticoagulant
2. Histamine-increases vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction
3. Neutral proteases-cause tissue damage
4. Eosinophil-chemotactic factor
Term
What is produced by mast cell membranes?
Definition
Leukotrienes - vasodilation, increase vascular perm. and bronchial smooth muscle contraction
Term
What are the 2 parallel pathways in mast cells during type I hypersensitivity?
Definition
Primary - degranulation and discharge of primary mediators stored in granules

Secondary - De novo synthesis and release of secondary mediators.
Term
What are the Primary mediators of type I hypersensitivity?
Definition
1. Biogenic amines - Histamine
2. Enzymes - Neutral proteases
3. Proteoglycans - Heparin and Chondroitin sulfate
Term
What are the Secondary mediators of type I hypersensitivity?
Definition
1. Lipid mediators - PA2 -> Arachidonic Acid -> Leukotrienes and Protoglandins and Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF)
2. Cytokines
Term
What are the types of leukocytes?
Definition
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils)

Agranulocytes (lymphocytes and plasma cells)
Term
The tensile strength of CT is attributable to what?
Definition
Collagen fiber content
Term
What is the breakdown structure of collagen?
Definition
C fiber bundle -> C fiber -> C microfibril -> tropocollagen molecule -> alpha chain
Term
Collagen microfibrils are cross-banded. True or false?
Definition
True. Due to staggering of tropocollagen molecules and staining.
Term
In collagen microfibrils, the gaps do not stain. True or false.
Definition
False. The gaps stain, the tropocollagen does not.
Term
Tropocollagen molecules are composed of what?
Definition
3 alpha chains wrapped around into a superhelix. Contains lots of Hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline residues
Term
Hydroxylation of lysine and proline in preprocollagen requires what?
Definition
Vitamin C
Term
Type 1 collagen forms what and where is it found?
Definition
THICK fibers. Found in bone, cementum and dentin.
Term
Type 2 collagen forms what?
Definition
Hyaline cartilage ONLY
Term
Type 3 collagen forms what?
Definition
The main component of the matrix of Reticular tissue.
Term
Reticular fibers are composed mainly of what?
Definition
Type 3 collagen fibers
Term
The staining of reticular fibers (type 3 collagen) is described as what?
Definition
Argyrophilic (silver loving)
Term
What type of collagen in NON-fibrillar?
Definition
Type 4. Found in the basil lamina
Term
Which CT cells produce collagen and what type do they produce?
Definition
1. Fibroblasts (1 and 3)
2. Osteoblasts (1)
3. Odontoblasts (1)
4. Cementoblasts (1)
5. Chondroblasts (2)
6. Smooth muscle (3)
7. Endothelial cells (4)
8. Schwann cells (3)
Term
What are the 3 types of elastic fibers?
Definition
1. Oxytalan
2. Elaunin
3. Elastic
Term
What are the components of Oxytalan fibers?
Definition
Microfibrils and Fibrillin
Term
What are the components of Elaunin fibers?
Definition
Microfibrils and Elastin
Term
What cells produce elastic fibers?
Definition
1. Fibroblasts
2. Chondroblasts
3. Smooth muscle
Term
Elastic fibers can be seen with what dyes?
Definition
Orcein and Recorcin-fuchsin
Term
Amorphous elastin is arranged as lamellae in what structure?
Definition
Walls of arteries.
Term
In a trichrome stain, collagen stains...
Definition
Turquoise
Term
In a trichrome stain, smooth muscle stains...
Definition
red
Term
Glycosaminoglycans are what?
Definition
linear polysaccharides
Term
A proteoglycan where the core is a transmembrane protein is what?
Definition
Syndecans
Term
What is the structure of proteoglycans?
Definition
Protein core with GAG side chains sticking out
Term
What is the function of Structural glycoproteins?
Definition
Attach adjacent cells and attach cells to matrix components.
Term
A ubiquitous glycoprotein that consists of 2 parallel strands linked by sulfide bonds is what?
Definition
Fibronectin
Term
What glycoprotein attaches epithelial cells to the basal lamina?
Definition
Laminin
Term
Laminin has binding sites for what?
Definition
Epithelial cell membrane receptors, proteoglycans and type 4 collagen.
Term
What binds Laminin to type 4 collagen?
Definition
Entactin
Term
What binds syndecans to fibronectin?
Definition
Tenascin
Term
What structural glycoproteins are found in cartilage and bone?
Definition
Chondronectin and Osteonectin
Term
What structural glycoproeins lack GAG's?
Definition
Integrins
Term
What is loose CT?
Definition
CT with large amount of ground substance and few fibers
Term
What is dense CT?
Definition
Heavily fibrous with little ground substance
Term
What is regular CT?
Definition
Fibers are organized in parallel array
Term
What is irregular CT?
Definition
Fibers are randomly oriented
Term
What is the most commonly encountered CT found after birth?
Definition
Areolar
Term
What are the 4 types of loose CT?
Definition
Mesenchyme, mucous (Warton's Jelly), areolar and reticular
Term
Where is Mesenchyme CT found?
Definition
Mainly in embryo
Term
Where is Mucous CT found?
Definition
Umbilical cord (Warton's jelly)
Term
Where is Areolar CT found?
Definition
1. Lamina Propria of mucosae
2. Papillary dermis
3. Packing material around blood and lymphatic vessels
Term
Where is Reticular CT found?
Definition
Liver, lymphoid organs, and bone marrow
Term
Where is Dense Irregular CT found?
Definition
1. Reticular Dermis
2. Capsules of Organs
3. Periosteum
4. Perichondrium
Term
Where is Dense Regular CT found?
Definition
Tendons and ligaments
Term
Where is Uniocular Adipose tissue predominantly found?
Definition
In adults
Term
Where is Multiocular adipose tissue predominantly found?
Definition
Infants
Term
The lipids stored in adipose cells are mainly...
Definition
Triglycerides
Term
The mitochondria in brow fat contain what special transmembrane protein that allows for heat production?
Definition
Thermogenin
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