Term
| How does the cell arrangement of CT differ from epithelium? |
|
Definition
| CT is singly, epithelium is in groups |
|
|
Term
| How does intercellular substance of CT differ from epithelium? |
|
Definition
| It is abundant in CT, minimal in ep. |
|
|
Term
| How does cell density of CT differ from epithelium? |
|
Definition
| It is low in CT, high in ep. |
|
|
Term
| How does cell shape of CT differ from epithelium? |
|
Definition
It is various but not angulated in CT.
In ep. it is angulated. |
|
|
Term
| How does vascularity in CT differ from epithelium? |
|
Definition
| It is abundant in CT, none in ep. |
|
|
Term
| What does the consistency of CT depend on? |
|
Definition
1. Proportion of cells, fibers and ground substance
2. Presence or absence of minerals |
|
|
Term
| Soft CT contains minerals. True or False? |
|
Definition
| False. SOFT CT is not mineralized. Hard CT like bone and dentin are. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 fiber components of CT matrix? |
|
Definition
| Collagen, reticular and elastic fibers. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 components of CT ground substance? |
|
Definition
| Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and adhesive glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| What are the cells of connective tissue? |
|
Definition
| Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, undifferentiated mesenchyme cells, histiocytes, adipocytes, mast cells and leukocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cell type in most soft CT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of a fibroblast? |
|
Definition
| They produce intercellular matrix components, collagen and ground substance. |
|
|
Term
| How are fibroblasts linked to the matrix components? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of active matrix producing "blast" cells? |
|
Definition
| fibroblast, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, cementoblasts and odontoblasts |
|
|
Term
| What CT cell has features of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells are found where in the body in adults? |
|
Definition
| CT adjacent to blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
| Which cells does Un. mesenchymal cells NOT give rise to? |
|
Definition
| Histiocytes and mast cells. |
|
|
Term
| Histiocytes are part of what system? |
|
Definition
| Mononuclear phagocyte system. |
|
|
Term
| Where do histiocytes originate? |
|
Definition
| Bone marrow -> monocytes -> macrophages -> enter CT -> become histiocytes |
|
|
Term
| Where are histiocytes most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell is commonly found in Dental Granulomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Foam cells refer to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activates macrophages? |
|
Definition
| Lymphokines, which are released by activated T lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Activated macrophages produce what? |
|
Definition
| Monokines, which activate other lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What do monokines activate? |
|
Definition
1. Lymphokines
2. Lysosomal enzymes
3. Collagenase
4. Complement components
5. Coagulation factors
6. Chemotactic factors for leukocytes, protaglandins and interleukins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mast cells can be distinguished with what dye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The granules of mast cells contain what? |
|
Definition
1. Heparin-anticoagulant
2. Histamine-increases vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction
3. Neutral proteases-cause tissue damage
4. Eosinophil-chemotactic factor |
|
|
Term
| What is produced by mast cell membranes? |
|
Definition
| Leukotrienes - vasodilation, increase vascular perm. and bronchial smooth muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 parallel pathways in mast cells during type I hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
Primary - degranulation and discharge of primary mediators stored in granules
Secondary - De novo synthesis and release of secondary mediators. |
|
|
Term
| What are the Primary mediators of type I hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
1. Biogenic amines - Histamine
2. Enzymes - Neutral proteases
3. Proteoglycans - Heparin and Chondroitin sulfate |
|
|
Term
| What are the Secondary mediators of type I hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
1. Lipid mediators - PA2 -> Arachidonic Acid -> Leukotrienes and Protoglandins and Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF)
2. Cytokines |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of leukocytes? |
|
Definition
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils)
Agranulocytes (lymphocytes and plasma cells) |
|
|
Term
| The tensile strength of CT is attributable to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the breakdown structure of collagen? |
|
Definition
| C fiber bundle -> C fiber -> C microfibril -> tropocollagen molecule -> alpha chain |
|
|
Term
| Collagen microfibrils are cross-banded. True or false? |
|
Definition
| True. Due to staggering of tropocollagen molecules and staining. |
|
|
Term
| In collagen microfibrils, the gaps do not stain. True or false. |
|
Definition
| False. The gaps stain, the tropocollagen does not. |
|
|
Term
| Tropocollagen molecules are composed of what? |
|
Definition
| 3 alpha chains wrapped around into a superhelix. Contains lots of Hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline residues |
|
|
Term
| Hydroxylation of lysine and proline in preprocollagen requires what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type 1 collagen forms what and where is it found? |
|
Definition
| THICK fibers. Found in bone, cementum and dentin. |
|
|
Term
| Type 2 collagen forms what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type 3 collagen forms what? |
|
Definition
| The main component of the matrix of Reticular tissue. |
|
|
Term
| Reticular fibers are composed mainly of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The staining of reticular fibers (type 3 collagen) is described as what? |
|
Definition
| Argyrophilic (silver loving) |
|
|
Term
| What type of collagen in NON-fibrillar? |
|
Definition
| Type 4. Found in the basil lamina |
|
|
Term
| Which CT cells produce collagen and what type do they produce? |
|
Definition
1. Fibroblasts (1 and 3)
2. Osteoblasts (1)
3. Odontoblasts (1)
4. Cementoblasts (1)
5. Chondroblasts (2)
6. Smooth muscle (3)
7. Endothelial cells (4)
8. Schwann cells (3) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of elastic fibers? |
|
Definition
1. Oxytalan
2. Elaunin
3. Elastic |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of Oxytalan fibers? |
|
Definition
| Microfibrils and Fibrillin |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of Elaunin fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells produce elastic fibers? |
|
Definition
1. Fibroblasts
2. Chondroblasts
3. Smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| Elastic fibers can be seen with what dyes? |
|
Definition
| Orcein and Recorcin-fuchsin |
|
|
Term
| Amorphous elastin is arranged as lamellae in what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a trichrome stain, collagen stains... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a trichrome stain, smooth muscle stains... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycosaminoglycans are what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A proteoglycan where the core is a transmembrane protein is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of proteoglycans? |
|
Definition
| Protein core with GAG side chains sticking out |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Structural glycoproteins? |
|
Definition
| Attach adjacent cells and attach cells to matrix components. |
|
|
Term
| A ubiquitous glycoprotein that consists of 2 parallel strands linked by sulfide bonds is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What glycoprotein attaches epithelial cells to the basal lamina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Laminin has binding sites for what? |
|
Definition
| Epithelial cell membrane receptors, proteoglycans and type 4 collagen. |
|
|
Term
| What binds Laminin to type 4 collagen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What binds syndecans to fibronectin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structural glycoproteins are found in cartilage and bone? |
|
Definition
| Chondronectin and Osteonectin |
|
|
Term
| What structural glycoproeins lack GAG's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CT with large amount of ground substance and few fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heavily fibrous with little ground substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fibers are organized in parallel array |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fibers are randomly oriented |
|
|
Term
| What is the most commonly encountered CT found after birth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of loose CT? |
|
Definition
| Mesenchyme, mucous (Warton's Jelly), areolar and reticular |
|
|
Term
| Where is Mesenchyme CT found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Mucous CT found? |
|
Definition
| Umbilical cord (Warton's jelly) |
|
|
Term
| Where is Areolar CT found? |
|
Definition
1. Lamina Propria of mucosae
2. Papillary dermis
3. Packing material around blood and lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
| Where is Reticular CT found? |
|
Definition
| Liver, lymphoid organs, and bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| Where is Dense Irregular CT found? |
|
Definition
1. Reticular Dermis
2. Capsules of Organs
3. Periosteum
4. Perichondrium |
|
|
Term
| Where is Dense Regular CT found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Uniocular Adipose tissue predominantly found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Multiocular adipose tissue predominantly found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lipids stored in adipose cells are mainly... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mitochondria in brow fat contain what special transmembrane protein that allows for heat production? |
|
Definition
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