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Dental Bacteriology Exam 1
Infection Control
36
Biology
Graduate
08/25/2009

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Term
Standard precautions against infection:
Definition

1. all patients considered reservoirs

2. all procedures conducted using standard infection control

**take precautions against contact with:

a. blood

b. all body fluids and secretions except sweat

c. non-intact skin

d. mucous membranes

Term
sterilization
Definition
process of destroying ALL forms of microbial life (spores too)
Term
disinfectant
Definition
agent that kills or removes microorganisms in a material object--may not inactive spores
Term
antiseptic
Definition
disinfectant used on living tissue-- prevents growth or action of microbes by destroying them or inhibiting growth and activity
Term
bactericide:
Definition
agent that KILLS bacteria
Term
bacteriostasis:
Definition
condition in which the growth of bacteria is prevented.
Term
Sterilization methods:
Definition

1. incineration

2. moist heat

3. dry heat

4. chemicals

5. filtration

6. gamma radiation

Term
Deciding on a best sterilization method depends on:
Definition

1. death curves of bacteria, spore, and sporeformers

2. penetrating ability of sterilization method

3. ability of article to withstand sterilization process

4. efficiency of method

5. effects of organic matter or survival of bacteria

Term
Stages of sterilization in dentistry:
Definition

1. Moist heat

2. dry heat

3. gaseous chemicals

Term
Pre-sterilization cleaning includes:
Definition
manual scrubbing and ultrasonic cleaning
Term
type of packaging used before sterilization:
Definition

it differs according to the clinical procedure:

a. open system enclosed with a see-through sterilization bag

b. perforated trays with fitted covers wrapped with sterilization paper

c. individual items enclosed in sterilization bags

Term
How does moist heat sterilize? (steam under pressure)
Definition
heat kills bacteria by denaturing and coagulating proteins and other cellular constituents. The boiling point of water is raised with pressure increases.
Term
Avg. sterilization cycle in an autoclave:
Definition
134 degrees C, 3 minutes, 30 psi
Term
Disadvantage of moist heat sterilization:
Definition
corrosion of instruments
Term
dry heat in comparison to moist heat:
Definition
dry heat penetrates less well. it is less effective than moist heat. Need higher temperatures and longer times to sterilize-- may need several hours
Term
Chemical vapor sterilization:
Definition

employs chemicals like formaldehyde, alcohols, acetone and ketones in steam and under pressure in a chemiclave. Microorganisms are killed by the dual action of toxic chemicals and heat.

**Slower than autoclaves, faster than hot ovens

Term
Usual temp/pressure combo for chemical vapor sterilization:
Definition
127-132 degrees C at 20-25 psi for 30 minutes
Term
When can chemical vapor sterilization NOT be used?
Definition
the process cannot be used for materials that can be altered by the chemicals or are heat sensitive
Term
purpose of process indicators and Biological indicators:
Definition
monitor sterilization
Term
process indicators:
Definition

liquid or paper that changes color on exposure to the appropriate sterilization cycle.

**Do not prove sterilization, but verify that the items have been subjected to the processing conditions

Term
biological indicators:
Definition

used to prove sterilization.

*Bacterial spores are used in this system

Term
Methods of Disinfection:
Definition

1. heat

2. ultrasonic

3. chemical

Term
How do membrane active disinfectants work?
Definition
damage bacterial cell membrane and lysis of cell results
Term
Examples of membrane active disinfectants:
Definition
chlorhexidine, quaternary ammonium compounds, alcohols, phenols
Term
Phenol coefficient:
Definition
a method of standardizing disinfectants by comparing their activities with those of phenol under standard conditions.
Term
How to formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde disinfect?
Definition
cause fixation of the cell membrane and block release of cellular components
Term
How do oxidizing agents disinfect?
Definition
oxidize cellular consistituents
Term
Examples of oxidizing agents:
Definition
hypochlorite and bromides
Term
Factors affecting the effectiveness of a disinfectant:
Definition

1. spectrum of activity

2. satisfactory contact

3. concentration

4. pH

5. neutralization

6. stability

7. speed of action

Term
Commonly used disinfectants in dentistry:
Definition

1. alcohols

2. aldehydes

3. bisguanides

4. halogens

5. phenolics

Term
Role of alcohol in disinfection:
Definition

*for skin use

*alcohols plus aldehydes for surface use--not recommended by dental groups because of rapid evaporation and little residual effects

 

Term
Role of aldehydes in disinfection in dentistry:
Definition
i.e. glutaraldehyde used for "cold sterilization" of equipment
Term
Role of halogens in disinfecting in dentistry:
Definition

i.e. hypochlorites and povidone-iodine

**oxidizing agents

*cheap and effective

*corrode metal and are easily inactivated by organic matter

Term
Role of phenolics in disinfecting in dentistry:
Definition

*membrane-active- causes lysis of bacterial cell membrane

*do not irritate skin

*used for gross decontamination

*not easily inactivated by organic material

**poorly virucidal and sporicidal

Term
ADA guidelines limit numbers of aerobic, mesophilic, hetertrophilic bacteria to __________ in water for non-surgical purposes
Definition
LESS than 200 colony forming units per ml
Term
How can water quality be controlled in dentistry?
Definition
Using anti-retraction valves, filters, flushing, chemicals, and water purifiers
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