Term
| Standard precautions against infection: |
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Definition
1. all patients considered reservoirs
2. all procedures conducted using standard infection control
**take precautions against contact with:
a. blood
b. all body fluids and secretions except sweat
c. non-intact skin
d. mucous membranes |
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Term
|
Definition
| process of destroying ALL forms of microbial life (spores too) |
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Term
|
Definition
| agent that kills or removes microorganisms in a material object--may not inactive spores |
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Term
|
Definition
| disinfectant used on living tissue-- prevents growth or action of microbes by destroying them or inhibiting growth and activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| agent that KILLS bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| condition in which the growth of bacteria is prevented. |
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Term
|
Definition
1. incineration
2. moist heat
3. dry heat
4. chemicals
5. filtration
6. gamma radiation |
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Term
| Deciding on a best sterilization method depends on: |
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Definition
1. death curves of bacteria, spore, and sporeformers
2. penetrating ability of sterilization method
3. ability of article to withstand sterilization process
4. efficiency of method
5. effects of organic matter or survival of bacteria |
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Term
| Stages of sterilization in dentistry: |
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Definition
1. Moist heat
2. dry heat
3. gaseous chemicals |
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Term
| Pre-sterilization cleaning includes: |
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Definition
| manual scrubbing and ultrasonic cleaning |
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Term
| type of packaging used before sterilization: |
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Definition
it differs according to the clinical procedure:
a. open system enclosed with a see-through sterilization bag
b. perforated trays with fitted covers wrapped with sterilization paper
c. individual items enclosed in sterilization bags |
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Term
| How does moist heat sterilize? (steam under pressure) |
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Definition
| heat kills bacteria by denaturing and coagulating proteins and other cellular constituents. The boiling point of water is raised with pressure increases. |
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Term
| Avg. sterilization cycle in an autoclave: |
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Definition
| 134 degrees C, 3 minutes, 30 psi |
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Term
| Disadvantage of moist heat sterilization: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| dry heat in comparison to moist heat: |
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Definition
| dry heat penetrates less well. it is less effective than moist heat. Need higher temperatures and longer times to sterilize-- may need several hours |
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Term
| Chemical vapor sterilization: |
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Definition
employs chemicals like formaldehyde, alcohols, acetone and ketones in steam and under pressure in a chemiclave. Microorganisms are killed by the dual action of toxic chemicals and heat.
**Slower than autoclaves, faster than hot ovens |
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Term
| Usual temp/pressure combo for chemical vapor sterilization: |
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Definition
| 127-132 degrees C at 20-25 psi for 30 minutes |
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Term
| When can chemical vapor sterilization NOT be used? |
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Definition
| the process cannot be used for materials that can be altered by the chemicals or are heat sensitive |
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Term
| purpose of process indicators and Biological indicators: |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
liquid or paper that changes color on exposure to the appropriate sterilization cycle.
**Do not prove sterilization, but verify that the items have been subjected to the processing conditions |
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Term
|
Definition
used to prove sterilization.
*Bacterial spores are used in this system |
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Term
|
Definition
1. heat
2. ultrasonic
3. chemical |
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Term
| How do membrane active disinfectants work? |
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Definition
| damage bacterial cell membrane and lysis of cell results |
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Term
| Examples of membrane active disinfectants: |
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Definition
| chlorhexidine, quaternary ammonium compounds, alcohols, phenols |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of standardizing disinfectants by comparing their activities with those of phenol under standard conditions. |
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Term
| How to formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde disinfect? |
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Definition
| cause fixation of the cell membrane and block release of cellular components |
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Term
| How do oxidizing agents disinfect? |
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Definition
| oxidize cellular consistituents |
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Term
| Examples of oxidizing agents: |
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Definition
| hypochlorite and bromides |
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Term
| Factors affecting the effectiveness of a disinfectant: |
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Definition
1. spectrum of activity
2. satisfactory contact
3. concentration
4. pH
5. neutralization
6. stability
7. speed of action |
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Term
| Commonly used disinfectants in dentistry: |
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Definition
1. alcohols
2. aldehydes
3. bisguanides
4. halogens
5. phenolics |
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Term
| Role of alcohol in disinfection: |
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Definition
*for skin use
*alcohols plus aldehydes for surface use--not recommended by dental groups because of rapid evaporation and little residual effects
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Term
| Role of aldehydes in disinfection in dentistry: |
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Definition
| i.e. glutaraldehyde used for "cold sterilization" of equipment |
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Term
| Role of halogens in disinfecting in dentistry: |
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Definition
i.e. hypochlorites and povidone-iodine
**oxidizing agents
*cheap and effective
*corrode metal and are easily inactivated by organic matter |
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Term
| Role of phenolics in disinfecting in dentistry: |
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Definition
*membrane-active- causes lysis of bacterial cell membrane
*do not irritate skin
*used for gross decontamination
*not easily inactivated by organic material
**poorly virucidal and sporicidal |
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Term
| ADA guidelines limit numbers of aerobic, mesophilic, hetertrophilic bacteria to __________ in water for non-surgical purposes |
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Definition
| LESS than 200 colony forming units per ml |
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Term
| How can water quality be controlled in dentistry? |
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Definition
| Using anti-retraction valves, filters, flushing, chemicals, and water purifiers |
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