Term
| Flagella are made up of what type of protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flagellins are termed the ____ antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. allow cells to be motile
2. serologic markers
3. virulence factors- promote spread of infection and attachment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flagella enclosed in a sheath and are wound around the long axis of the cell- ex. spirochetes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hair-like filaments- straighter and shorter than flagella |
|
|
Term
| fimbriae/pili are part of the _____ of the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the distribution of fimbriae/pili in/on a cell |
|
Definition
| the usually cover the entire cell surface |
|
|
Term
| G- bacteria involved in conjugation (transfer of DNA) use ______ to connect the two bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fimbriae/pili act as a virulence factor by: |
|
Definition
| promoting attachment to host tissue and allowing colonization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rod shaped- shorter and thinner than fimbriae |
|
|
Term
| How are fibrils distributed over the cell surface? |
|
Definition
| distribution is patchy over cell surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important in host tissue colonization and for development of biofilms. |
|
|
Term
| Importance of biofilms on bacterial cell surfaces: |
|
Definition
| biofilms allow for diversity with interactions between various types of cell surfaces. |
|
|
Term
| External structures of prokaryotic cells include: |
|
Definition
1. flagella
2. periplasmic flagella
3. fimbriae/pili
4. fibrils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a capsule over bacterial cell surfaces made of large polysaccharide or protein polymers secreted by the cell that adhere to cell walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when cells appear embedded in the glycocalyx surrounding them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When cells appear to be discretely encased in the cell's glycocalyx it is called this. |
|
|
Term
| Glycocalyx increases virulence of pathogens by: |
|
Definition
1. conferring resistance to phagocytosis
2. plays role in adherence and development of biofilms
3. helps protect bacteria from antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serological designation of the glycocalyx |
|
|
Term
| Functions of Bacterial Cell Wall: |
|
Definition
1. maintain cell shape
2. helps cell withstand strong osmotic pressures
3. Has 2 types, which help us differentiate cells into G+ and G- |
|
|
Term
| Polymers in the relatively thick cell wall of G+ bacteria: |
|
Definition
| linear- N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM) linked with a beta-1,4 bond (peptidoglycan murein) |
|
|
Term
| Techoic acids are found in G+ or G- cell walls? |
|
Definition
| G+ and comprise the major antigens |
|
|
Term
| Major component of G+ cell wall: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Features of Peptidoglycans: |
|
Definition
1. act as adhesives
2. arranged in sheets
3. major component of G+ cell wall
4. Lysosome (found in tears and saliva) break down peptidoglycans |
|
|
Term
| Purpose of Techoic and Lipotechoic acids: |
|
Definition
1. Lipotechoic acids hold the sheets together of peptidoglycans
2. bind to specific receptors on mammalian cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bilayer composed of phospholipid, proteins, and lipopolysaccharides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Abundant protein of the outer membrane of G- bacterial cell wall.
2. forms channel that allows passage of small molecules |
|
|
Term
| Lippopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) found in G__ bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 regions of Lippopolysaccharide?(LPS) |
|
Definition
1. composed of 3 regions
a. lipid A
b. core polysaccharide
c. O-specific polysaccharide (O-antigen or
somatic antigen)- varies with bacteria- used
to identify bacteria |
|
|
Term
| How does LPS affect the host? |
|
Definition
| LPS is the virulent factor for G- bacteria. Causes shock and fever (G- shock). |
|
|
Term
| Middle layer of G- cell wall |
|
Definition
| monolayer of peptidoglycan- periplasmic gel which contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins involved in transport and chemotactic receptor activities. |
|
|
Term
What color are G+ bacteria after staining?
G-?
what is the compound used to stain them? |
|
Definition
G+ and G- take up crystal violet and iodine.
(CV-I)
When a red counter-stain applied, results are:
G+ are purple and
G- are pink or red |
|
|
Term
| Cytoplasmic membrane: basic structure: |
|
Definition
1. phospholipid-protein bilayer.
2. attached to the nucleiod, which promotes segregation during replication |
|
|
Term
| Cytoplasmic membrane: basic functions: |
|
Definition
1. site of active transport
2. respiratory chain components
3. Generate ATP
4. Biosynthesis of DNA, phospholipids, peptidoglycans, and capsular polysaccharides
5. secretion of exotoxins and hydrolytic enzymes, which act as virulence factors |
|
|
Term
| Intracellular components of prokaryotes: |
|
Definition
1. Nucleoid
2. Mesosomes
3. Ribosomes
4. Cytoplasmic Granules (inclusions)
5. endospores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single diffuse chromosome (avg. 4000 genes) with no nuclear membrane or histone proteins. attached to cytoplasmic membrane via mesosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows for organized segregation of during binary fission- invagination of cytoplasmic membrane. Attached to nucleoid. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Transcription and translation occur simultaneously in ribosomes in bacteria |
|
Definition
| True: Transcription and translation can occur simultaneously since there is no physical separation by a nuclear membrane |
|
|
Term
| Cytoplasmic granules (inclusions): |
|
Definition
1. accumulations of nutrient reserves
a. include polysaccharides, lipids, or polyphosphates |
|
|
Term
| What are the evolutionarily helpful characteristics of endospores? |
|
Definition
1. Can survive when vegitative cell cannot. They wait until proper environmental conditions are present--when the cell can survive--to sporulate.
a. can withstand heat, poor nutrient supply, or lack of water.
b. keratin-like protein portects spore from toxic environmental influences
c. anthrax, botulism, tetanus, gas gangrene |
|
|
